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MySQL 中的 SQL

  对于 MySQL ,第一件你必须牢记的是它的每一行命令都是用分号 (;) 作为结束的,但……没有完全绝对的事,在这儿也是一样。

   前面我曾经讲到,当一行 MySQL 被插入在 PHP 代码中时,最好把后面的分号省略掉,例如:

mysql_query ("INSERT INTO tablename (first_name, last_name)

VALUES ('$first_name', '$last_name')

");

   这是因为 PHP 也是以分号作为一行的结束的,额外的分号有时会让 PHP 的语法分析器搞不明白,所以还是省略掉的好。在这种情况下,虽然省略了分号,但是 PHP 在执行 MySQL 命令时会自动的帮你加上的。

   另外还有一个不要加分号的情况。当你想把要字段的竖者排列显示下来,而不是像通常的那样横着排列时,你可以用 G 来结束一行 SQL 语句,这时就用不上分号了,例如:

SELECT * FROM PENPALS

WHERE USER_ID = 1G
TEXT、DATE、和 SET 数据类型
作 者 : 扬眉 编译 本文点击次数:114

   MySQL 数据表的字段必须有定义一个数据类型。这有大约 25 种选择,大部分都是直接明了的,就不多费口舌了。但有几个有必要提一下。

TEXT 不是一种数据类型,虽然可能有些书上是这么说的。它实际上应该是“ LONG VARCHAR ”或者“ MEDIUMTEXT ”。

DATE 数据类型的格式是 YYYY-MM-DD ,比如: 1999-12-08 。你可以很容易的用 date 函数来得到这种格式的当前系统时间:

date("Y-m-d")

  并且,在 DATA 数据类型之间可以作减法,得到相差的时间天数:

$age = ($current_date - $birthdate);

  集合 SET 是一个有用的数据类型,它和枚举 ENUM 有点相似,只不过是 SET 能够保存多个值而 ENUM 只能保存一个值而已。而且, SET 类型最多只能够有 64 个预定的值,而 ENUM 类型却能够处理最多 65,535 个预定义的值。而如果需要有大于 64 个值的集合,该怎么办呢?这时就需要定义多个集合来一起解决这个问题了。

通配符

   SQL 的同配符有两种:“ * ”和“ % ”。分别用在不同的情况下。例如:如果你想看到数据库的所有内容,可以像这样来查询:

SELECT * FROM dbname

WHERE USER_ID LIKE '%';

  这儿,两个通配符都被用上了。他们表示相同的意思 ?? 都是用来匹配任何的字符串,但是他们用在不同的上下文中。“ * ”用来匹配字段名,而“ % ”用来匹配字段值。另外一个不容易引起注意的地方是“ % ”通配符需要和 LIKE 关键字一起使用。

还有一个通配符,就是下划线“ _ ”,它代表的意思和上面不同,是用来匹配任何单个的字符的。
NOT NULL 和空记录
作 者 : 扬眉 编译 本文点击次数:114

  如果用户在没有填任何东西的情况下按了 submit 按钮,会怎样呢?如果你确实需要一个值,那么可以用客户端脚本或者服务器端脚本来进行数据验证,这一点在前面已经说过了。但是,在数据库中却是允许一些字段被空出来什么也不填。对此类纪录, MySQL 将要为之执行一些事情:

插入值 NULL ,这是缺省的操作。
如果你在字段定义中为之声明了 NOT NULL (在建立或者修改这个字段的时候), MySQL 将把这个字段空出来什么东西也不填。
对于一个 ENUM 枚举类型的字段,如果你为之声明了 NOT NULL , MySQL 将把枚举集的第一个值插入到字段中。也就是说, MySQL 把枚举集的第一个值作为这个枚举类型的缺省值。
  一个值为 NULL 的纪录和一个空纪录是有一些区别的。 % 通配符可以匹配空纪录,但是却不能匹配 NULL 纪录。在某些时候,这种区别会造成一些意想不到的后果。就我的经验而言,任何字段都应该声明为 NOT NULL 。这样下面的 SELECT 查询语句就能够正常运转了:

if (!$CITY) {$CITY = "%";}

$selectresult = mysql_query ("SELECT * FROM dbname

WHERE FIRST_NAME = ' 柳 '

AND LAST_NAME = ' 如风 '

AND CITY LIKE '$CITY'

");

在第一行中,如果用户没有指定一个 CITY 值,那么就会用通配符 % 来代入 CITY 变量,这样搜索时就会把任何的 CITY 值都考虑进去,甚至包括那些 CITY 字段为空的纪录。

但是如果有一些纪录,它的 CITY 字段值是 NULL ,这时问题就出现了。上面的查询是不能够找到这些字段的。问题的一个解决办法可以是这样:

if (!$CITY) {$CITY = "%";}

$selectresult = mysql_query ("SELECT * FROM dbname

WHERE FIRST_NAME = ' 柳 '

AND LAST_NAME = ' 如风 '

AND (CITY LIKE '$CITY' OR CITY IS NULL)

");

  注意在搜索 NULL 时,必须用“ IS ”关键字,而 LIKE 时不会正常工作的。

在最后要提到的是,如果你在加入或者修改一个新的字段之前,数据库中已经有了一些记录了,这时新加入的字段在原来的纪录中的值,可能是 NULL ,也可能为空。这也算是 MySQL 的一个 Bug 吧,所以在这种情况下,使用 SELECT 查询要特别的小心。

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