200 lines of code to implement blockchain Detailed explanation of blockchain examples

This article mainly introduces the relevant knowledge of blockchain in 200 lines of code. It is very good and has reference value. Friends who need it can refer to it

Understanding the concept of blockchain is very simple (block Chain, transaction chain block): It is distributed (i.e. not placed on the same machine, but on different network devices) The database supports hosting a growing list of records. But it is also easy to confuse blockchain with the goal we are trying to help him solve - at that moment in people's minds, the word is quite strongly associated with the concept of transactions, contracts or smart cryptocurrencies.

Only here blockchain - is not the same thing as Bitcoin, and understanding the basics of blockchain is easier than it seems, especially when, it is based on source code. In this article, we propose a simple model built with 200 lines of code in JavaScript. The source code for this project, which we call NaiveChain, can be found on GitHub. Part 1 and 2: If you need to brush up on its functionality, use our cheat sheet and we'll use standard ECMAScript 6.
Block Structure

Step 1 - Determine the elements that should contain the block. For the sake of simplicity, we include only the most necessary: ​​index of the previous block (exponent), time stamp (timestamp), data (data), hash and hash, to be recorded in order to maintain the structural integrity of the circuit.

class Block { 
  constructor(index, previousHash, timestamp, data, hash) { 
    this.index = index; 
    this.previousHash = previousHash.toString(); 
    this.timestamp = timestamp; 
    this.data = data; 
    this.hash = hash.toString(); 
  } 
}

Hash unit

The hash block needs to keep the data Integrity. In our case, this applies to algorithm SHA-256. This type of hashing is not relevant for mining because in this case we are not implementing protection with proof of performance.

var calculateHash = (index, previousHash, timestamp, data) => { 
  return CryptoJS.SHA256(index + previousHash + timestamp + data).toString(); 
};

Generation Unit

To generate a block we need to know the hash of the previous block so that we The structure already determines the rest of the elements. Data is provided by the end user.

var generateNextBlock = (blockData) => { 
  var previousBlock = getLatestBlock(); 
  var nextIndex = previousBlock.index + 1; 
  var nextTimestamp = new Date().getTime() / 1000; 
  var nextHash = calculateHash(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData); 
  return new Block(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData, nextHash); 
};

Storage unit

Use blockchain storage array. The first block is always hardcoded "Genesis Block".

var getGenesisBlock = () => { 
  return new Block(0, "0", 1465154705, "my genesis block!!", "816534932c2b7154836da6afc367695e6337db8a921823784c14378abed4f7d7"); 
}; 
var blockchain = [getGenesisBlock()];

Confirming Block Integrity

We must always be able to confirm the integrity of a unit or circuit. Especially when you get new units from other units, you have to decide whether to accept them or not.

var isValidNewBlock = (newBlock, previousBlock) => { 
  if (previousBlock.index + 1 !== newBlock.index) { 
    console.log('invalid index'); 
    return false; 
  } else if (previousBlock.hash !== newBlock.previousHash) { 
    console.log('invalid previoushash'); 
    return false; 
  } else if (calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) !== newBlock.hash) { 
    console.log(typeof (newBlock.hash) + ' ' + typeof calculateHashForBlock(newBlock)); 
    console.log('invalid hash: ' + calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) + ' ' + newBlock.hash); 
    return false; 
  } 
  return true; 
};

Select the longest chain

The order of blocks in the circuit must be explicitly specified, but in the event of a conflict In the case of (e.g. two nodes generating the same block and the same number at the same time), we choose the circuit which contains a larger number of blocks.

var replaceChain = (newBlocks) => { 
  if (isValidChain(newBlocks) && newBlocks.length > blockchain.length) { 
    console.log('Received blockchain is valid. Replacing current blockchain with received blockchain'); 
    blockchain = newBlocks; 
    broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); 
  } else { 
    console.log('Received blockchain invalid'); 
  } 
};

Messages to other network nodes

An integral part of the website - the exchange of data with other nodes. The following rules are used to maintain network synchronization:
When a node generates a new unit, it reports it to the network;
When the local machine connects to a new feast, it asks for information about the last generated block;
When A node is faced with a block that has an indicator larger than it, and he adds a block to the circuit or requests the information of the complete chain.
Automatic search for peers is not performed, all links are added manually.

Control of Units

The user should be able to control the node in some way, by putting the HTTP server to the server. When interacting with nodes have the following functions:
Print a list of all units;
Create new units with user-generated content;
Print the list, or add a festival.
The most direct way to interact - via curl:

List of all blocks on a node

curl http://localhost:3001 /blocks

Architecture

It is worth noting that the website refers to two web servers: HTTP to the user-controlled device and to the WebSocket HTTP to install P2P connections between nodes.

The following is 200 lines of js code

'use strict'; 
var CryptoJS = require("crypto-js"); 
var express = require("express"); 
var bodyParser = require('body-parser'); 
var WebSocket = require("ws"); 
var http_port = process.env.HTTP_PORT || 3001; 
var p2p_port = process.env.P2P_PORT || 6001; 
var initialPeers = process.env.PEERS ? process.env.PEERS.split(',') : []; 
class Block { 
  constructor(index, previousHash, timestamp, data, hash) { 
    this.index = index; 
    this.previousHash = previousHash.toString(); 
    this.timestamp = timestamp; 
    this.data = data; 
    this.hash = hash.toString(); 
  } 
} 
var sockets = []; 
var MessageType = { 
  QUERY_LATEST: 0, 
  QUERY_ALL: 1, 
  RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN: 2 
}; 
var getGenesisBlock = () => { 
  return new Block(0, "0", 1465154705, "my genesis block!!", "816534932c2b7154836da6afc367695e6337db8a921823784c14378abed4f7d7"); 
}; 
var blockchain = [getGenesisBlock()]; 
var initHttpServer = () => { 
  var app = express(); 
  app.use(bodyParser.json()); 
  app.get('/blocks', (req, res) => res.send(JSON.stringify(blockchain))); 
  app.post('/mineBlock', (req, res) => { 
    var newBlock = generateNextBlock(req.body.data); 
    addBlock(newBlock); 
    broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); 
    console.log('block added: ' + JSON.stringify(newBlock)); 
    res.send(); 
  }); 
  app.get('/peers', (req, res) => { 
    res.send(sockets.map(s => s._socket.remoteAddress + ':' + s._socket.remotePort)); 
  }); 
  app.post('/addPeer', (req, res) => { 
    connectToPeers([req.body.peer]); 
    res.send(); 
  }); 
  app.listen(http_port, () => console.log('Listening http on port: ' + http_port)); 
}; 
var initP2PServer = () => { 
  var server = new WebSocket.Server({port: p2p_port}); 
  server.on('connection', ws => initConnection(ws)); 
  console.log('listening websocket p2p port on: ' + p2p_port); 
}; 
var initConnection = (ws) => { 
  sockets.push(ws); 
  initMessageHandler(ws); 
  initErrorHandler(ws); 
  write(ws, queryChainLengthMsg()); 
}; 
var initMessageHandler = (ws) => { 
  ws.on('message', (data) => { 
    var message = JSON.parse(data); 
    console.log('Received message' + JSON.stringify(message)); 
    switch (message.type) { 
      case MessageType.QUERY_LATEST: 
        write(ws, responseLatestMsg()); 
        break; 
      case MessageType.QUERY_ALL: 
        write(ws, responseChainMsg()); 
        break; 
      case MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN: 
        handleBlockchainResponse(message); 
        break; 
    } 
  }); 
}; 
var initErrorHandler = (ws) => { 
  var closeConnection = (ws) => { 
    console.log('connection failed to peer: ' + ws.url); 
    sockets.splice(sockets.indexOf(ws), 1); 
  }; 
  ws.on('close', () => closeConnection(ws)); 
  ws.on('error', () => closeConnection(ws)); 
}; 
var generateNextBlock = (blockData) => { 
  var previousBlock = getLatestBlock(); 
  var nextIndex = previousBlock.index + 1; 
  var nextTimestamp = new Date().getTime() / 1000; 
  var nextHash = calculateHash(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData); 
  return new Block(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData, nextHash); 
}; 
var calculateHashForBlock = (block) => { 
  return calculateHash(block.index, block.previousHash, block.timestamp, block.data); 
}; 
var calculateHash = (index, previousHash, timestamp, data) => { 
  return CryptoJS.SHA256(index + previousHash + timestamp + data).toString(); 
}; 
var addBlock = (newBlock) => { 
  if (isValidNewBlock(newBlock, getLatestBlock())) { 
    blockchain.push(newBlock); 
  } 
}; 
var isValidNewBlock = (newBlock, previousBlock) => { 
  if (previousBlock.index + 1 !== newBlock.index) { 
    console.log('invalid index'); 
    return false; 
  } else if (previousBlock.hash !== newBlock.previousHash) { 
    console.log('invalid previoushash'); 
    return false; 
  } else if (calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) !== newBlock.hash) { 
    console.log(typeof (newBlock.hash) + ' ' + typeof calculateHashForBlock(newBlock)); 
    console.log('invalid hash: ' + calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) + ' ' + newBlock.hash); 
    return false; 
  } 
  return true; 
}; 
var connectToPeers = (newPeers) => { 
  newPeers.forEach((peer) => { 
    var ws = new WebSocket(peer); 
    ws.on('open', () => initConnection(ws)); 
    ws.on('error', () => { 
      console.log('connection failed') 
    }); 
  }); 
}; 
var handleBlockchainResponse = (message) => { 
  var receivedBlocks = JSON.parse(message.data).sort((b1, b2) => (b1.index - b2.index)); 
  var latestBlockReceived = receivedBlocks[receivedBlocks.length - 1]; 
  var latestBlockHeld = getLatestBlock(); 
  if (latestBlockReceived.index > latestBlockHeld.index) { 
    console.log('blockchain possibly behind. We got: ' + latestBlockHeld.index + ' Peer got: ' + latestBlockReceived.index); 
    if (latestBlockHeld.hash === latestBlockReceived.previousHash) { 
      console.log("We can append the received block to our chain"); 
      blockchain.push(latestBlockReceived); 
      broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); 
    } else if (receivedBlocks.length === 1) { 
      console.log("We have to query the chain from our peer"); 
      broadcast(queryAllMsg()); 
    } else { 
      console.log("Received blockchain is longer than current blockchain"); 
      replaceChain(receivedBlocks); 
    } 
  } else { 
    console.log('received blockchain is not longer than received blockchain. Do nothing'); 
  } 
}; 
var replaceChain = (newBlocks) => { 
  if (isValidChain(newBlocks) && newBlocks.length > blockchain.length) { 
    console.log('Received blockchain is valid. Replacing current blockchain with received blockchain'); 
    blockchain = newBlocks; 
    broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); 
  } else { 
    console.log('Received blockchain invalid'); 
  } 
}; 
var isValidChain = (blockchainToValidate) => { 
  if (JSON.stringify(blockchainToValidate[0]) !== JSON.stringify(getGenesisBlock())) { 
    return false; 
  } 
  var tempBlocks = [blockchainToValidate[0]]; 
  for (var i = 1; i < blockchainToValidate.length; i++) { 
    if (isValidNewBlock(blockchainToValidate[i], tempBlocks[i - 1])) { 
      tempBlocks.push(blockchainToValidate[i]); 
    } else { 
      return false; 
    } 
  } 
  return true; 
}; 
var getLatestBlock = () => blockchain[blockchain.length - 1]; 
var queryChainLengthMsg = () => ({'type': MessageType.QUERY_LATEST}); 
var queryAllMsg = () => ({'type': MessageType.QUERY_ALL}); 
var responseChainMsg = () =>({ 
  'type': MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN, 'data': JSON.stringify(blockchain) 
}); 
var responseLatestMsg = () => ({ 
  'type': MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN, 
  'data': JSON.stringify([getLatestBlock()]) 
}); 
var write = (ws, message) => ws.send(JSON.stringify(message)); 
var broadcast = (message) => sockets.forEach(socket => write(socket, message)); 
connectToPeers(initialPeers); 
initHttpServer(); 
initP2PServer();

The above is what I compiled for everyone. I hope it will be helpful to everyone in the future.

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