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collections The module provides several additional data types based on the built-in data types, such as int, str, list, dict, etc.
1.namedtuple(): Generate a tuple subclass that can use names to access element content
2.deque: Double-ended queue, which can quickly append and add from the other side Export object
3.Counter: Counter, mainly used for counting
4.OrderedDict: Ordered dictionary
5.defaultdict: Dictionary with default values
One: namedtuple(), named tuples.
tuple is an immutable collection. namedtuple is a function. It is used to construct a custom tuple object and specifies the number of tuple elements. Certain elements of the tuple can be referenced through attributes rather than indexes. elements. We can easily customize a data type through namedtuple, which has the immutable attributes of tuple and can be referenced based on the attributes.
from collections import namedtuple piont=namedtuple('piont',['x','y']) p=piont(2,1) print(p) print("x =",p.x) print("Y =",p.y) >>>isinstance(p,piont) True >>>isinstance(p,tuple) True 类似的创建一个圆,通过坐标,半径r。用namedtuple构建 Cirle=namedtup(‘Circle’,['x','y','r']) 2、有序字典(orderedDict ) dict中key是无序的,在做迭代时,无法确认key的顺序。 orderdDict是对字典类型的补充,他记住了字典元素添加的顺序
from collections import OrderedDict od=OrderedDict([('a',1),('z',2),('c',3)])// 有序字典顺序是插入进去的顺序排列的 print(od) d=dict([('a',1),('z',2),('c',3)]) //字典是无序的,key的顺序是变化的 print(d)
3、默认字典(defaultdict) defaultdict是对字典的类型的补充,他默认给字典的值设置了一个类型。
我们都知道,在使用Python原生的数据结构dict的时候,如果用 d[key] 这样的方式访问, 当指定的key不存在时,是会抛出KeyError异常的。但是,如果使用defaultdict,只要你传入一个默认的工厂方法,那么请求一个不存在的key时, 便会调用这个工厂方法使用其结果来作为这个key的默认值。
4、计数器Counter Counter是对字典类型的补充,用于追踪值的出现次数。 具备字典的所有功能+自己的功能
from collections import Counter c=Counter(['11','22','11','33','11','44','55']) c2=Counter("abcdefdasfdsafaf") print(c) print(c2)
most_common(self, n=None),数量从大到小排列,获取前N个元素。
elements(self) 计数器中的所有元素。注:此处非所有元素集合,而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器sorted(c.elements())
update(self,iterable=None,**keds):更新计数器,其实是增加计数器,如果没有则新建。
c.update('witch')
subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds):相减,原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量c.subtract('witch')
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