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This article shares with you about JavaScript: several common mistakes that frequently occur in interviews. I hope it will be helpful to everyone.
During this period, Gold, three, silver, four, many people interviewed, many people shared interview questions. Some time ago, I also served as an interviewer temporarily. In order to roughly understand the level of the interviewers, I also wrote a question and interviewed several front-end developers. During this period of time, I was learning and writing about some knowledge about design patterns. Unexpected knowledge about design patterns was the test point that frequently tripped people up in interview questions. So, today I will summarize the test points that make people fall into traps.
Regarding object-oriented and process-oriented, I personally feel that the two are not absolutely independent, but are mutually reinforcing. As for when to use object-oriented and when to use process-oriented, specific situations require detailed analysis.
For object-oriented programming. There is a highly praised answer on Zhihu:
Object-oriented: Dog. Eat (Shit)
Process-oriented: Eat. (Dog, Shit)
But this example seems not very elegant , I changed it and gave a more elegant example to illustrate the difference between object-oriented and process-oriented.
Requirements: Definition'Waiting to eat hot pot'
The object-oriented idea is: Waiting. Action (eating hot pot)
The process-oriented idea is: Action (waiting, eating hot pot)
Code implementation:
//面向对象 //定义人(姓名) let People=function(name){ this.name=name; } //动作 People.prototype={ eat:function(someThing){ console.log(`${this.name}吃${someThing}`); } } //守候是个人,所以要创建一个人(new一次People) let shouhou=new People('守候','男',24); shouhou.eat('火锅'); //面向过程 let eat=function(who,someThing){ console.log(`${who}吃${someThing}`); } eat('守候','火锅');
The results are the same, they all output 'waiting and eating hot pot'. But what if I'm full now and ready to code. How to achieve this? Looking at the code
//面向对象 shouhou.coding=function(){ console.log(this.name+'写代码'); } shouhou.coding(); //面向过程 let coding=function(who){ console.log(who+'写代码'); } coding('守候');
The result is the same: ‘Waiting to write code’
But it is not difficult to find that object-oriented is more flexible, reusable and scalable. Because object-oriented is to perform certain actions against objects (in the example: 'waiting'). These actions can be customized and extended.
Process-oriented defines many actions to specify who will perform this action.
Okay, that’s it for the simple explanation of object-oriented. As for the three major characteristics of object-oriented: inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism, you can search for information online by yourself.
When developing using JavaScript, many developers will be more or less confused by the this
pointer, but in fact, about For the pointer of this
, remember the core sentence: Which object calls the function, and this in the function points to which object.
Let’s discuss several situations below
There is no special surprise in this case, it just points to the global object - window.
let username='守候' function fn(){ alert(this.username);//undefined } fn();
Maybe everyone is confused why it is not outputting wait
, but after a closer look, the way I declared it is let
, not window
Object
If the output is waiting, write like this
var username='守候' function fn(){ alert(this.username);//守候 } fn(); //--------------- window.username='守候' function fn(){ alert(this.username);//守候 } fn();
I believe this is not difficult to understand, it is the function call, where does this point to
window.b=2222 let obj={ a:111, fn:function(){ alert(this.a);//111 alert(this.b);//undefined } } obj.fn();
Obviously, the first time is the output obj.a
, which is 111. The second time, obj
does not have the attribute b
, so undefined
is output because this
points to obj
.
But you have to pay attention to the following situation
let obj1={ a:222 }; let obj2={ a:111, fn:function(){ alert(this.a); } } obj1.fn=obj2.fn; obj1.fn();//222
I believe this is not difficult to understand, although obj1.fn
is assigned from obj2.fn
, but the caller of the function is obj1
, so this
points to obj1
.
let TestClass=function(){ this.name='111'; } let subClass=new TestClass(); subClass.name='守候'; console.log(subClass.name);//守候 let subClass1=new TestClass(); console.log(subClass1.name)//111
This is not difficult to understand, just recall (the four steps of new) and it’s almost the same!
But there is a pitfall. Although it generally does not appear, it is necessary to mention it.
Returning an object in the constructor will return the object directly instead of the object created after executing the constructor
## 3-4.apply and call callsApply and call simply change this of the incoming function.
let obj1={ a:222 }; let obj2={ a:111, fn:function(){ alert(this.a); } } obj2.fn.call(obj1);Although
obj2 is calling the method at this time,
call is used to dynamically point
this to
obj1. Equivalent to this
obj2.fn This execution environment is
obj1.
apply and
call details are mentioned below.
this,
this inside the arrow function inherits the external environment.
let obj={ a:222, fn:function(){ setTimeout(function(){console.log(this.a)}) } }; obj.fn();//undefinedIt is not difficult to find that although
fn() inside this points to obj, however, What is passed to setTimeout is a normal function, this points to window, there is no a below window, so the output is here undefined .
Replace with arrow functionlet obj={ a:222, fn:function(){ setTimeout(()=>{console.log(this.a)}); } }; obj.fn();//222
这次输出 222 是因为,传给 setTimeout 的是箭头函数,然后箭头函数里面没有 this ,所以要向上层作用域查找,在这个例子上, setTimeout 的上层作用域是 fn。而 fn 里面的 this 指向 obj ,所以 setTimeout 里面的箭头函数的 this ,指向 obj 。所以输出 222 。
call
和 apply
的作用,完全一样,唯一的区别就是在参数上面。call
接收的参数不固定,第一个参数是函数体内 this
的指向,第二个参数以下是依次传入的参数。
apply接收两个参数,第一个参数也是函数体内 this
的指向。第二个参数是一个集合对象(数组或者类数组)
let fn=function(a,b,c){ console.log(a,b,c); } let arr=[1,2,3];
如上面这个例子
let obj1={ a:222 }; let obj2={ a:111, fn:function(){ alert(this.a); } } obj2.fn.call(obj1);
call
和 apply
两个主要用途就是
1.改变 this
的指向(把 this
从 obj2
指向到 obj1
)
2.方法借用( obj1
没有 fn
,只是借用 obj2
方法)
闭包这个可能大家是迷糊,但是必须要征服的概念!下面用一个例子简单说下
let add=(function(){ let now=0; return { doAdd:function(){ now++; console.log(now); } } })()
然后执行几次!
上图结果看到,now
这个变量,并没有随着函数的执行完毕而被回收,而是继续保存在内存里面。
具体原因说下:刚开始进来,因为是自动执行函数,一开始进来会自动执行,这一块
然后把这个对象赋值给 add
。由于 add
里面有函数是依赖于 now
这个变量。所以 now
不会被销毁,回收。这就是闭包的用途之一(延续变量周期)。由于 now
在外面访问不到,这就是闭包的另一个用途(创建局部变量,保护局部变量不会被访问和修改)。
可能有人会有疑问,闭包会造成内存泄漏。但是大家想下,上面的例子,如果不用闭包,就要用全局变量。把变量放在闭包里面和放在全局变量里面,影响是一致的。使用闭包又可以减少全局变量,所以上面的例子闭包更好!
在学设计模式的时候,遇到的知识点就是这一些了,这些知识点,也是我在群聊,社区里面,让人掉坑比较多的考点。这些知识,可以说是开发常用,面试常考的知识,还是建议大家深入些学习。上面那里也是简单的过一下而已。不算深入。如果大家对文章有什么建议,欢迎指点。
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