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Detailed explanation of Git basics

韦小宝
韦小宝Original
2018-03-14 15:28:531743browse

This article talks about the basics of Git. If you don’t know the basics of Git or are interested in the basics of Git, then let’s take a look at this article. Okay, let’s stop talking and get to the point

Preface

This article explains in detail the techniques and usage of common Git commands.

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##1. Introduction to Git

The birth of Git is indeed an interesting story. We know that Linus Created open source Linux. Since then, the Linux system has continued to develop and now has become the largest server system software. (Please don’t be confused about Linus and Linux)

But as Linux continues to grow, various version controls are needed. At first, Linus and his younger brothers used BitKeeper (commercial version control) System), and then for some reason BitKeeper's company stopped them from using it, so Linus spent two weeks writing Git and making it open source (BitKeeper fainted in the toilet crying), Amitabha, fortunately BitKeeper didn't let Linus and the others Use it, otherwise we wouldn’t have such an easy-to-use Git now, and the blogger wouldn’t be writing this blog post here.

In the years that followed, github, coding and other websites that can use git storage gradually appeared, and Git’s status in the world became irreplaceable. If you are a developer but don’t know how to use Git, then Too out.

Here first

QuoteA picture explains the working principle of Git:

1. Workspace: workspace, execute the git add * command to make changes Submitted to the staging area, execute the git pull command to pull the data from the remote warehouse to the current branch and merge it, execute git checkout [branch-name] to switch branches

2, Index: Staging area, execute git commit - m 'Description' command will submit the changes to the warehouse area (current branch)

3. Repository: warehouse area (or local warehouse), execute git push origin master to submit to the remote warehouse, execute git clone address to clone Remote warehouse to local

4. Remote: Remote warehouse is the warehouse provided by websites like github, coding, etc.

Note: The actual operation command will be different from the above command. Here is Explain clearly the relationship between commands and warehouses.

1.1 Git terminology

Term Definition Warehouse (Repository) A warehouse includes all version information, all branches and tag information. Every copy of a repository in Git is complete. A repository is where you can get your working copy. Branches A branch means an independent code line with its own history. You can generate a new branch from existing code that is completely independent of the remaining branches. The default branch is often called master. The user can select a branch, select a branch and execute the command git checkout branch. Tags A tag refers to the status of a branch at a specific point in time. Through marking, you can easily switch to the state at the time of marking, such as the code status on the testing branch on January 25, 2009. Commit After the code is submitted, the warehouse will create a new version. This version can be retrieved later. Each submission includes an author and submitter, and the author and submitter can be different people. Revision is used to represent a version status of the code. Git identifies different versions by ids represented by the SHA1 hash algorithm. Each SHA1 id is a 160-bit long, hexadecimal identifier string. The latest version can be obtained through HEAD. Previous versions can be obtained through "HEAD~1", and so on.

1.2 Ignore specific files

You can configure Git to ignore specific files or folders. These configurations are placed in the .gitignore file. This file can exist in different folders and can contain different file matching patterns.

For example, the content of .gitignore can be as follows:

忽略某文件
npm-debug.log
忽略文件夹
dist/
node_modules/
.idea/

At the same time, Git also provides global configuration, core.excludesfile.

忽略之后的文件或是文件夹Git就不去提交里面的内容了。

1.3 使用.gitkeep来追踪空的文件夹

Git会忽略空的文件夹。如果你想版本控制包括空文件夹,根据惯例会在空文件夹下放置.gitkeep文件。其实对文件名没有特定的要求。一旦一个空文件夹下有文件后,这个文件夹就会在版本控制范围内。

1.4 配置

# 显示当前的Git配置
$ git config --list
# 编辑Git配置文件,只是配置用户信息的话直接看下面两行命令即可
$ git config -e [--global]
# 设置提交代码时的用户信息,是否加上全局--global自行决定,一般是直接设置全局的。另外用户邮箱需要注意最好使用gmail,QQ也可以,需要和你远程仓库保持一致不然你的contribution是不会被记录在远程仓库的
$ git config [--global] user.name "[name]"
$ git config [--global] user.email "[email address]"

Git的设置文件为.gitconfig,它可以在用户主目录下(全局配置),也可以在项目目录下(项目配置)。

个人觉得git是需要认真学的,虽然是个工具但不学习很容易把自己弄糊涂,希望这篇博客可以在某些时候帮到您,让您大概理解git的工作原理并把基本命令串起来。那么下面就说一下Git重要的基本命令吧。

2.Git安装

Git-for-window

下载安装这个不用多说吧….

3.创建仓库

# 在当前目录创建一个文件夹
$ mkdir [project-name]
# 在当前目录新建一个Git代码库
$ git init
# 新建一个目录,将其初始化为Git代码库
$ git init [project-name]
# 下载一个项目和它的整个代码历史(各个分支提交记录等)
$ git clone [url]

git init后会出现.git文件夹,里面有配置文件,如果没有git bash里面输入ls -lah就可以看到了

关于如何关联Git和远程仓库,比如Coding,github等,可以看这两篇文章:
Git链接到自己的GithubCoding帮助中心

4.提交文件

4.1首次推送

# 添加当前目录的所有文件到暂存区
$ git add *
# 提交暂存区到仓库区
$ git commit -m [message]
# 为远程Git更名为origin
$ git remote add origin git@github.com:abcd/tmp.git
# 推送此次修改,这是首次推送需要加上-u,之后推送就可以直接git push  origin master,origin是远程Git名字,这个可以自己定义,不过一般是用origin罢了,master是默认的分支,如果不在master分支提交需要写清楚分支名称
$ git push -u origin master

首次推送成功后可以看下下面的命令:

# 添加指定文件到暂存区
$ git add [file1] [file2] ...
# 添加指定目录到暂存区,包括子目录
$ git add [dir]
# 添加当前目录的所有文件到暂存区
$ git add *
# 添加每个变化前,都会要求确认
对于同一个文件的多处变化,可以实现分次提交
$ git add -p
# 删除工作区文件,并且将这次删除放入暂存区
$ git rm [file1] [file2] ...
# 停止追踪指定文件,但该文件会保留在工作区
$ git rm --cached [file]
# 改名文件,并且将这个改名放入暂存区
$ git mv [file-original] [file-renamed]
# 提交暂存区到仓库区
$ git commit -m [message]
# 提交暂存区的指定文件到仓库区
$ git commit [file1] [file2] ... -m [message]
# 提交工作区自上次commit之后的变化,直接到仓库区
$ git commit -a
# 提交时显示所有diff信息
$ git commit -v
# 使用一次新的commit,替代上一次提交
如果代码没有任何新变化,则用来改写上一次commit的提交信息
$ git commit --amend -m [message]
# 重做上一次commit,并包括指定文件的新变化
$ git commit --amend [file1] [file2] ...
# 提交更改到远程仓库
$ git push origin master
# 拉取远程更改到本地仓库默认自动合并
$ git pull origin master

如果我们只是维护自己的小项目的话,上面的命令已经够用了,自己一个人在master分支想咋折腾就咋折腾

5.分支

但如果是多人协作的话,git的魅力就开始提现出来了,每个人有自己的一个分支,各自在自己的分支上工作互不干扰。具体的看这:Git教程-创建合并分支

# 列出所有本地分支
$ git branch
# 列出所有远程分支
$ git branch -r
# 列出所有本地分支和远程分支
$ git branch -a
# 新建一个分支,但依然停留在当前分支
$ git branch [branch-name]
# 新建一个分支,并切换到该分支
$ git checkout -b [branch]
# 新建一个分支,指向指定commit
$ git branch [branch] [commit]
# 新建一个分支,与指定的远程分支建立追踪关系
$ git branch --track [branch] [remote-branch]
# 切换到指定分支,并更新工作区
$ git checkout [branch-name]
# 切换到上一个分支
$ git checkout -
# 建立追踪关系,在现有分支与指定的远程分支之间
$ git branch --set-upstream [branch] [remote-branch]
# 合并指定分支到当前分支,如果有冲突需要手动合并冲突(就是手动编辑文件保存咯),然后add,commit再提交
$ git merge [branch]
# 选择一个commit,合并进当前分支
$ git cherry-pick [commit]
# 删除分支
$ git branch -d [branch-name]
# 删除远程分支
$ git push origin --delete [branch-name]
$ git branch -dr [remote/branch]

6.标签

标签的作用主要是用来做版本回退的,关于版本回退,这也是Git的亮点之一,起到了后悔药的功能·

# 列出所有tag
$ git tag
# 新建一个tag在当前commit
$ git tag [tag]
# 新建一个tag在指定commit
$ git tag [tag] [commit]
# 删除本地tag
$ git tag -d [tag]
# 删除远程tag
$ git push origin :refs/tags/[tagName]
# 查看tag信息
$ git show [tag]
# 提交指定tag
$ git push [remote] [tag]
# 提交所有tag
$ git push [remote] --tags
# 新建一个分支,指向某个tag
$ git checkout -b [branch] [tag]

7.后悔药

想一下在你写完N个文件代码后,commit到了本地仓库,突然发现整个应用崩溃了!咋整?Git给了我们吃后悔药
的机会:

# 恢复暂存区的指定文件到工作区
$ git checkout [file]
# 恢复某个commit的指定文件到暂存区和工作区
$ git checkout [commit] [file]
# 恢复暂存区的所有文件到工作区
$ git checkout .
# 回退到上一个版本,在Git中,用HEAD表示当前版本
$ git reset --hard HEAD^
# 重置暂存区的指定文件,与上一次commit保持一致,但工作区不变
$ git reset [file]
# 重置暂存区与工作区,与上一次commit保持一致
$ git reset --hard
# 重置当前分支的指针为指定commit,同时重置暂存区,但工作区不变
$ git reset [commit]
# 重置当前分支的HEAD为指定commit,同时重置暂存区和工作区,与指定commit一致
$ git reset --hard [commit]
# 重置当前HEAD为指定commit,但保持暂存区和工作区不变
$ git reset --keep [commit]
# 新建一个commit,用来撤销指定commit
# 后者的所有变化都将被前者抵消,并且应用到当前分支
$ git revert [commit]
# 暂时将未提交的变化移除,稍后再移入
$ git stash
$ git stash pop

这个时候标签的作用就体现出来了,因为commit号太冗长了,记起来太麻烦有了标签我们相当于自定义了commit号

8. 文件信息

# 显示当前分支的版本历史
$ git log
# 显示commit历史,以及每次commit发生变更的文件
$ git log --stat
# 搜索提交历史,根据关键词
$ git log -S [keyword]
# 显示某个commit之后的所有变动,每个commit占据一行
$ git log [tag] HEAD --pretty=format:%s
# 显示某个commit之后的所有变动,其"提交说明"必须符合搜索条件
$ git log [tag] HEAD --grep feature
# 显示某个文件的版本历史,包括文件改名
$ git log --follow [file]
$ git whatchanged [file]
# 显示指定文件相关的每一次diff
$ git log -p [file]
# 显示过去5次提交
$ git log -5 --pretty --oneline
# 显示所有提交过的用户,按提交次数排序
$ git shortlog -sn
# 显示指定文件是什么人在什么时间修改过
$ git blame [file]
# 显示暂存区和工作区的差异
$ git diff
# 显示暂存区和上一个commit的差异
$ git diff --cached [file]
# 显示工作区与当前分支最新commit之间的差异
$ git diff HEAD
# 显示两次提交之间的差异
$ git diff [first-branch]...[second-branch]
# 显示今天你写了多少行代码
$ git diff --shortstat "@{0 day ago}"
# 显示某次提交的元数据和内容变化
$ git show [commit]
# 显示某次提交发生变化的文件
$ git show --name-only [commit]
# 显示某次提交时,某个文件的内容
$ git show [commit]:[filename]

9.其它命令

命令 说明 git blame filepath git blame清楚的记录某个文件的更改历史和更改人,简直是查看背锅人的利器,filepath是需要查看的文件路径 git status 显示有变更的文件 git reflog 显示当前分支的最近几次提交

后记

要想彻底熟练使用git那需要记住的命令多了去了,起码几百个吧,不过在日常使用中,本文涉及的命令应该是足够用了,有遗漏的常用命令欢迎提出补充。另外,诚心希望您能把参考文章好好读一下,阮老师和廖老师总结的十分到位。本文好多命令也都是使用的两位老师总结的。

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