Detailed explanation of the use of python os module
os模块调用操作系统接口的模块
相关方法或属性:
getcwd() --- 获取当前的操作目录,等同于linux中的pwd命令。
调用:os.getcwd()
chdir() --- 改变python脚本的工作目录。
调用:os.chdir(path) (path以字符串形式传入)
例如:
>>> os.getcwd()'C:\\Users\\BLUE'>>> os.chdir('D:\\Program Files')>>> os.getcwd()'D:\\Program Files'>>> os.chdir(r'C:\Users\BLUE')>>> os.getcwd()'C:\\Users\\BLUE'
curdir --- 当前目录 使用:os.curdir
pardir --- 当前目录的父目录 使用: os.pardir
例如:
>>> os.curdir'.'>>> os.pardir'..'>>> os.getcwd()'C:\\Users\\BLUE'>>> os.chdir(os.pardir)>>> os.getcwd()'C:\\Users'
makedirs() --- 递归的创建目录。
调用:os.makedirs('dir_1/dir_2/dir_3/.../dir_n')
例如:os.makedirs(r'C:\a\b\c\d') #该操作会依次在C盘下创建a, b, c, d四个文件夹(若a目录存在则只创建b,c,d三个目录)。
removedirs() --- 若当前目录为空则删除,并切换到父级目录,若为空继续删除,依次递归。
调用:os.removedirs('dir_1/dir_2/dir_3/.../dir_n')
例如:os.removedirs(r'C:\a\b\c\d') #该操作会依次在C盘下依次删除d, c, b, a四个文件夹,如果中间某一级目录不为空,则在该级停止删除。
mkdir() --- 创建单级目录。
调用:os.mkdir('dir_1/dir_2/dir_3/.../dir_n')
例如:os.mkdir(r'C:\a\b\c\d') #该操作会在C盘下创建d文件夹(若a, b, c目录有一个不存在,则无法创建并报错)。
rmdir() --- 删除单级空目录。
调用:os.rmdir('dir_1/dir_2/dir_3/.../dir_n')
例如:os.rmdir(r'C:\a\b\c\d') #若d目录为空,该操作只删除d目录, 否则无法删除并报错。
listdir() --- 以列表的形式列出制定目录下的所有文件(包括隐藏文件),子目录。
调用:os.listdir(path)
例如:(列出D盘下的所有文件)
>>> os.listdir(r'D:') ['Anaconda3', 'BaiduNetdisk', 'BHO', 'Data', 'guiminer', 'Intel', 'JetBrains', 'Profiles', 'Program', 'Tencent', 'Thunder', 'Thunder BHO Platform', 'UninstallXLWFP.exe', 'WinRAR', '腾讯游戏']
remove() --- 删除一个文件。
调用:os.remove(path)
rename() --- 对一个文件重命名。
调用:os.rename(old_filename, new_filename) #注意不能覆盖已存在文件
stat() --- 获取文件或目录的属性信息。
调用:os.stat(path)
例如:
>>> os.stat(r'C:\Windows\regedit.exe') os.stat_result(st_mode=33279, st_ino=281474976742063, st_dev=1893840342, st_nlink=2, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=321024, st_atime=1489870628, st_mtime=1489870628, st_ctime=1489870628)>>> os.stat(r'C:\Windows') os.stat_result(st_mode=16895, st_ino=281474976712108, st_dev=1893840342, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=32768, st_atime=1502900732, st_mtime=1502900732, st_ctime=1489837220)
sep --- 使用os.sep获取当前平台的路径的分隔符(目录与子目录之间)(例如windows下是r‘\’,Linux下时‘/’)。
linesep --- 使用os.linesep获取当前平台的换行符(例如windows下是‘\r\n’,Linux下时‘\n’)。
pathsep --- 使用os.pathsep获取当前平台文件路径的分隔符(文件之间)(例如windows下是‘;’,Linux下时‘:’)。
name --- 使用os.name获取当前平台名称。
例如:
>>> os.sep'\\'>>> os.linesep'\r\n'>>> os.pathsep';'>>> os.name'nt'
system() --- 执行系统命令。
调用:os.system(command)
例如:
>>> os.system('ping www.baidu.com') 正在 Ping www.A.sHiFeN.com [220.181.112.244] 具有 32 字节的数据: 来自 220.181.112.244 的回复: 字节=32 时间=38ms TTL=55来自 220.181.112.244 的回复: 字节=32 时间=38ms TTL=55来自 220.181.112.244 的回复: 字节=32 时间=38ms TTL=55来自 220.181.112.244 的回复: 字节=32 时间=37ms TTL=55 220.181.112.244 的 Ping 统计信息: 数据包: 已发送 = 4,已接收 = 4,丢失 = 0 (0% 丢失), 往返行程的估计时间(以毫秒为单位): 最短 = 37ms,最长 = 38ms,平均 = 37ms
environ --- 使用os.environ获取系统环境变量。
例如:
>>> os.environ environ({'COMPUTERNAME': 'DESKTOP-KTUG9G5', 'APPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Roaming', 'USERDOMAIN_ROAMINGPROFILE': 'DESKTOP-KTUG9G5', 'HOMEPATH': '\\Users\\BLUE', 'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS': '8', 'PATHEXT': '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC', 'ONEDRIVE': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE\\OneDrive', 'LOGONSERVER': '\\\\DESKTOP-KTUG9G5', 'OS': 'Windows_NT', 'TEMP': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'COMMONPROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'PROGRAMDATA': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'PROMPT': '$P$G', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Common Files', 'PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER': 'Intel64 Family 6 Model 60 Stepping 3, GenuineIntel', 'LOCALAPPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Local', 'USERNAME': 'BLUE', 'PROCESSOR_REVISION': '3c03', 'PROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files', 'PROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files', 'WINDIR': 'C:\\Windows', 'PUBLIC': 'C:\\Users\\Public', 'ASL.LOG': 'Destination=file', 'PSMODULEPATH': 'C:\\Program Files\\WindowsPowerShell\\Modules;C:\\Windows\\system32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\Modules', 'PROCESSOR_LEVEL': '6', 'SYSTEMROOT': 'C:\\Windows', 'SESSIONNAME': 'Console', 'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'SYSTEMDRIVE': 'C:', 'COMSPEC': 'C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe', 'PROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE': 'AMD64', 'HOMEDRIVE': 'C:', 'TMP': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'PATH': 'D:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\Library\\bin;C:\\Windows\\system32;C:\\Windows;C:\\Windows\\System32\\Wbem;C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\;D:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3;D:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\Scripts;D:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\Library\\bin;C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\WindowsApps;C:\\Users\\BLUE\\AppData\\Local\\GitHubDesktop\\bin', 'USERDOMAIN': 'DESKTOP-KTUG9G5', 'USERPROFILE': 'C:\\Users\\BLUE'})
path.abspath() --- 获取文件的绝对路径
调用:os.path.abspath(filename)
例如:
>>> os.chdir(r'C:\windows')>>> os.path.abspath('regedit.exe')'C:\\windows\\regedit.exe'
path.split() --- 传入一个文件路径,返回一个tuple(由两部分构成(path, filename))。
调用:os.path.split(path)
例如:
path.dirname() --- 获取路径中的目录。
调用:os.path.dirname(path)
path.basename() --- 获取路径中的文件名。
调用:os.path.basename(path)
>>> os.path.dirname(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts')'C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc'>>> os.path.basename(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts')'hosts'>>> os.path.split(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts') ('C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc', 'hosts')
path.exists() --- 判断路径是否存在。
调用:os.path.exists(path)
path.isabs() --- 判断路径是否是绝对路径。
调用:os.path.isabs(path)
path.isfile() --- 判断是否是文件。
调用:os.path.isfile(path)
path.isdir() --- 判断是否是目录。
调用:os.path.isdir(path)
例如:
>>> os.path.exists(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts') True>>> os.path.exists(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\abcd') False>>> os.path.isabs(r'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts') True>>> os.path.isabs(r'../') False>>> os.path.isfile('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts') True>>> os.path.isfile('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc') False>>> os.path.isdir('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc') True>>> os.path.isdir('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts') False
path.join() --- 将一个或多个路径正确地连接起来。
调用:os.path.join(path, *paths)
path.getatime() --- 获取文件最后的访问时间(以时间戳的形式返回)。
调用:os.path.getatime(path)
path.getmtime() --- 获取文件最后的修改时间(以时间戳的形式返回)。
调用:os.path.getmtime(path)
例如:
>>> os.path.join('C:', r'\windows\System32', r'\System32\drivers')'C:\\System32\\drivers'>>> os.path.join('C:', r'\windows\System32')'C:\\windows\\System32'>>> os.path.getatime('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts')1501070798.585747 >>> os.path.getmtime('C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts')1502505489.0068946
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