Home > Article > Backend Development > Learn basic examples of PHP flow control statements (including functions and classes)
PHPControl statement
1. IF statement
The IF statement is an important feature in most languages. It executes program segments based on conditions. PHP's IF statement is similar to C:
if (expr)
statement
As discussed in expressions, expr is evaluated to its truth value. If expr is TRUE, PHP executes the corresponding statement, if it is FALSE it ignores it.
If $a is greater than $b, the following example will display 'a is bigger than b':
if ($a >$b)
print "a is bigger than b";
Usually , you wish to execute more than one statement based on a condition. Of course, there is no need to add an IF judgment to every statement. Instead, multiple statements can be grouped into a statement group.
If statements can be nested in other IF statements, allowing you to flexibly and conditionally execute various parts of the program.
2. ELSE statement
Usually you want to execute one statement when a specific condition is met, and another statement when the condition is not met. ELSE is used to do this. ELSE extends the IF statement and executes another statement when the IF statement expression is FALSE. For example, if the following program is executed, if $a is greater than $b, it will display 'a is bigger than b', otherwise it will display 'a is NOT bigger than b':
if ($a>$b) { print "a is bigger than b"; } else { print "a is NOT bigger than b"; }
3. ELSEIF statement
ELSEIF , as the name suggests, is a combination of IF and ELSE. Similar to ELSE, it extends the IF statement to execute other statements when the IF expression is FALSE. But unlike ELSE, it only executes other statements when the ELSEIF expression is also TRUE.
You can use multiple ELSEIF statements in one IF statement. The first statement whose ELSEIF expression is TRUE will be executed. In PHP 3, you can also write 'else if' (written as two words) and 'elseif' (written as one word) with the same effect. It's just a small difference in the way it's written (if you're familiar with C, it's the same), the result is exactly the same.
The ELSEIF statement is only executed when the IF expression and any preceding ELSEIF expression are FALSE, and the current ELSEIF expression is TRUE.
The following is an IF statement in a nested format containing ELSEIF and ELSE:
if ($a==5): print "a equals 5"; print "..."; elseif ($a==6): print "a equals 6"; print "!!!"; else: print "a is neither 5 nor 6"; endif;
4. WHILE statement
The WHILE loop is a simple loop in PHP 3. Just like in C. The basic format of the WHILE statement is:
WHILE(expr) statement
The meaning of the WHILE statement is very simple. It tells PHP to execute the nested statement repeatedly as long as the WHILE expression is TRUE. The value of the WHILE expression is checked at the beginning of each loop, so even if its value is changed within the nested statement, this execution will not terminate until the end of the loop (each time PHP runs a nested statement is called a loop ). Similar to the IF statement, you can use curly braces to enclose a group of statements and execute multiple statements in the same WHILE loop:
WHILE(expr): statement ... ENDWHILE;
The following examples are exactly the same, Type the numbers 1 to 10:
/* example 1 */ $i=1; while ($i<=10) { print $i++; /* the printed value would be $i before the increment (post- increment) */ } /* example 2 */ $i=1; while ($i<=10): print $i; $i++; endwhile;
5, DO..WHILE statement
DO..WHILE is very similar to the WHILE loop, except that it checks whether the expression is at the end of each loop True, not at the beginning of the loop. The main difference between it and a strict WHILE loop is that the first loop of DO..WHILE must be executed (the truth expression is only checked at the end of the loop), instead of a strict WHILE loop (checked at the beginning of each loop) A truth expression, if it is FALSE at the beginning, the loop will terminate execution immediately).
There is only one form of DO..WHILE loop:
$i = 0; do { print $i; } while ($i>0);
The above loop is only executed once, because the first time After the loop, when the truth expression is checked, it evaluates to FALSE ($i is not greater than 0) and the loop execution terminates.
6. FOR loop statement
The FOR loop is the most complex loop in PHP. Just like in C. The syntax of a FOR loop is:
FOR (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
The first expression (expr1) is unconditionally evaluated (executed) at the beginning of the loop.
Each time through the loop, the expression expr2 is evaluated. If the result is TRUE, loops and nested statements continue to execute. If the result is FALSE, the entire loop ends.
At the end of each loop, expr3 is evaluated (executed). Each expression can be empty. If expr2 is empty, the number of loops is variable (PHP defaults to TRUE, like C). Don't do this unless you want to terminate the loop with a conditional BREAK statement in place of the FOR truth expression.
Consider the following example. They all display numbers 1 to 10:
/* example 1 */ for ($i=1; $i<=10; $i++) { print $i; } /* example 2 */ for ($i = 1;;$i++) { if ($i >10) { break; } print $i; } /* example 3 */ $i = 1; for (;;) { if ($i >10) { break; } print $i; $i++; }
当然,第一个例子显然是最好的,但借此你可以发现在FOR 循环中很多场合可以使用空的表达式。
其他的语言有一条foreach语句用来遍历一个数组或哈希(hash)表。PHP使用while语句和 list()、each() 函数来达到这个功能。
7、 SWITCH选择语句
SWITCH语句就象是对同一个表达式的一系列IF语句。在很多时侯,你想把同一个变量(或者表达式)和许多不同的值去比较 ,并根据不同的比较结果执行不同的程序段。这就是 SWITCH语句的用处了。
下面两个例子通过不同的方法做同一件事,一个用一组 IF语句,另外一个用 SWITCH 语句:
/* example 1 */ if ($i == 0) { print "i equals 0"; } if ($i == 1) { print "i equals 1"; } if ($i == 2) { print "i equals 2"; } /* example 2 */ switch ($i) { case 0: print "i equals 0"; break; case 1: print "i equals 1"; break; case 2: print "i equals 2"; break; }
(二)、REQUIRE语句
REQUIRE语句用指定的文件代替自己,很象 C 中的预处理 #include 。
这意味着你不能为了每次调用该函数来包含不同文件的内容,而把require()语句放在一个循环结构,。要这么做,使用 INCLUDE 语句。
require(’header.inc’);
(三)、 INCLUDE语句
INCLUDE语句包含指定的文件。
每次遇到INCLUDE是INCLUDE语句就包含指定的文件。所以你可以在一个循环结构中使用INCLUDE语句以包含一系列不同的文件。
$files = array(’first.inc’, ’second.inc’, ’third.inc’); for ($i = 0; $i < count($files); $i++) { include($files[$i]); }
(四)、 函数
可以通过以下的语法定义函数:
function foo( $arg_1, $arg_2, ..., $arg_n ) { echo "Example function.n"; return $retval; }
函数中可以使用任何有效的PHP3 代码,甚至是其他的函数或类 的定义
1、 函数返回值
函数可以通过可选的return语句返回值。返回值可以是任何类型,包括列表和对象。
function my_sqrt( $num ) { return $num * $num; } echo my_sqrt( 4 ); // outputs ’16’.
函数不能同时返回多个值,但可以通过返回列表的方法来实现:
function foo() { return array( 0, 1, 2 ); } list( $zero, $one, $two ) = foo();
2、 参数
外部信息可以通过参数表来传入函数中;参数表就是一系列逗号分隔的变量和/或常量。
PHP3支持通过值形参数(默认), 变量参数,和 默认参数。不支持变长参数表, 但可以用传送数组的方法来实现。
3、 关联参数
默认情况函数参数是传值方式。如果你允许函数修改传入参数的值,你可以使用变量参数。
如果你希望函数的一个形式参数始终是变量参数,你可以在函数定义时给该形式参数加(&)前缀:
function foo( &$bar ) { $bar .= ’ and something extra.’; } $str = ’This is a string, ’; foo( $str ); echo $str; // outputs ’This is a string, and something extra.’ 如果要传递一个可变参数给默认的函数(其形式参数不是变参方式),你可以在调用函数时给实际参数加(&)前缀: function foo( $bar ) { $bar .= ’ and something extra.’; } $str = ’This is a string, ’; foo( $str ); echo $str; // outputs ’This is a string, ’ foo( &$str ); echo $str; // outputs ’This is a string, and something extra.’
4、 默认值
函数可以定义 C++ 风格的默认值,如下:
function makecoffee( $type = "cappucino" ) { echo "Making a cup of $type.n"; } echo makecoffee(); echo makecoffee( "espresso" );
上边这段代码的输出是:
Making a cup of cappucino.
Making a cup of espresso.
注意,当使用默认参数时,所有有默认值的参数应在无默认值的参数的后边定义;否则,将不会按所想的那样工作。
5、CLASS(类)
类是一系列变量和函数的集合。类用以下语法定义:
<?php class Cart { var $items; // Items in our shopping cart // Add $num articles of $artnr to the cart function add_item($artnr, $num) { $this->items[$artnr] += $num; } // Take $num articles of $artnr out of the cart function remove_item($artnr, $num) { if ($this->items[$artnr] >$num) { $this->items[$artnr] -= $num; return true; } else { return false; } } } ?>
上面定义了一个叫Cart 的类,其中包括一个关联数组和两个用来从cart中增加和删除项目的函数。
类是实际变量的原始模型。你要通过new 操作符来建立一个所需类型的变量。
$cart = new Cart;
$cart->add_item("10", 1);
这建立起一个 Cart类的对象$cart。该对象的函数add_item()被调用来给第10项加 1。
类可以从其他的类扩充得到。扩充或派生出来的类拥有基类的所有变量和函数及你在扩充定义中所定义的东西。这要使用 extends 关键字。
class Named_Cart extends Cart { var $owner; function set_owner($name) { $this->owner = $name; } }
这里定义了一个名为 Named_Cart 的类它继承了 Cart类所有变量和函数并增加了一个变量 $owner和一个函数 set_owner()。 你建立的 named_cart 类的变量现在就能设置carts 的 owner了。在named_cart变量中你仍然可以使用一般的 cart函数:
$ncart = new Named_Cart; // Create a named cart
$ncart->set_owner("kris"); // Name that cart
print $ncart->owner; // print the cart owners name
$ncart->add_item("10", 1); // (inherited functionality from cart)
函数中的变量 $this 意思是当前的对象。你需要使用 $this->something 的形式来存取所有当前对象的变量或函数。
类中的构造器是你建立某种类的新变量时自动被调用的函数。类中和类名一样的函数就是构造器。
class Auto_Cart extends Cart { function Auto_Cart() { $this->add_item("10", 1); } }
这里定义一个类 Auto_Cart ,它给 Cart类加了一个每次new操作时设置项目10进行变量初始化的构造器。构造器也可以有参数,这些参数是可选的,这种特点也使得其十分有用。
class Constructor_Cart { function Constructor_Cart($item = "10", $num = 1) { $this->add_item($item, $num); } } // Shop the same old boring stuff. $default_cart = new Constructor_Cart; // Shop for real... $different_cart = new Constructor_Cart("20", 17);
The above is the detailed content of Learn basic examples of PHP flow control statements (including functions and classes). For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!