linux command list

pwd: Query the current directory

'~' represents your own home directory

'/' represents the root directory, and /root is not the root directory. '.' represents the current directory. '..' represents the upper directory

cd:change directory, switch directories. cd /: Switch to the root directory. cd ..: Return to the previous directory. Tab auto-completion.

ls: View files or directories in the current directory.

ls -l:View the following details: drwxr-xr-x 2 cyborg cyborg 4096 Jun 1 10:45 Desktop

drwxr- xr-x (d: type is directory. rwx: permissions, group 1: owner; group 2: group; group 3: other users) 2 (number of file hard links)

cyborg (owner) cyborg (group) 4096 (size in bytes) Jun 1 10:45 (modification time) Desktop.

ls -lh:h=human, humanized display list.

ls -a: View all (including hidden) ls -l folder/: No need to enter to view the files or directories in the folder

touch .test: Create a file named .test to hide the empty file. Empty folders also occupy capacity (4k).

mkdir:Create a directory. mkdir -p cn/shandong/jinan: Recursively create a bunch of directories at once

##vim test: Create A document named test.

cat test: View the file content. -n: Display line number -T: Do not display tab character Merge: cat new1 new2 new3 > fly.rar

more test: Read a little bit, press Enter to jump a line or space to jump a page, q to exit. less test: the advanced version of more

#tail test: View the last few lines, -Number: Settings Display the number of lines; -f View when other processes try the file, suitable for monitoring logs

head test: the first few lines, the same as tail , but no -f function

mv:move move

tree Folder name : View the tree structure of the folder

man Command name : View help, or Command name --help or help command Name: View built-in commands

cp: Copy and paste in one;cp -R Recursively copy inside the directory

find / -name 'yum.log': Start looking for the yum.log file from the root (/) directory, or '*.log' Wildcard, the path can be written according to the actual situation, such as find /var/ -name 'index.php'

find / -size +10M | xargs ls -lh Find files larger than 10M and view the detailed information of the results

>File name: Clear the file

grep -n hello yum.log: Locate the hello string -n in yum.log and display the line number; -v a: does not contain a; -c:Only display the total number of matched lines; -e :Multiple matches (or) such as: grep -e a -e b -e c file1 Equivalent to grep [abc] file1 Equivalent to grep [a-c] file1

wc file name: Statistics return: number of lines, number of words, number of bytes, file name

dd: means disk dump, such as: dd if=1.txt bs=1 skip=364 of=new.txt

Verify md5:

md5sum fly.rar Verify sha: shasum fly.rar

Restart more gracefully:

init 6

sensors:View temperature

Modify ip:sudo ipconfig eth0 192.168.18.128

CreateSoft link: A real file, only if the inode number of the link file of the source file is different, create: ln -s data sl_data

CreateHard link: It is the same file as the source file, with the same inode. Create: ln data hl_data

##rm -f: force deletion rmdir: delete directory rm -ri my_dir:Recursive deletion and query rm -rf my_dir:Delete all in one go

file File name: View file type

ps: Monitor the process at a specific point in time top: Real-time monitoring kill pid: Terminate the process as much as possible killall Process name (supports wildcards)

Top: wa Indicates the I/O of the CPU. If it is busy, it is either the network port or the hard disk; id means idle; mem total free=free+buffer+cache

mount:Mount, the default output is the list of devices mounted by the system. mount /dev/sdb1(device) /media/disk(mount point). umount path or device: Unmount, removable devices must be unmounted first and then removed.

df -h: Check the usage of mounted disk. du: View the usage of a specific directory -c: Display the total size of all listed files; -h: Humanized

tar -zcvf xxx.tar.gz or tgz a.txt b.txt c.txt: package.

tar -zxvf xxx.tar: decompress

gzip *.txt: compress into gz (wildcard batch conversion is possible); gzcat: View the gz text content. gunzip: Decompress the gz file

/etc/passwd: root:x:0:0:root: /root:/bin/bash means login username: Password: UID: Group ID: Remarks field: Home directory location: Default shell

Password is stored in

/etc/shadow中

useradd: Add user; userdel -r xx: Delete user; usermod: Modify the /etc/passwd configuration passwd xxx: Modify your password to xxx

chpasswd < users.txt (The content in users is userid:pass)

##chsh -s /bin/csh xx Modify Default shell chfnModify remarks finger xxView user information

/etc/group :Group file

goupeadd Create a new group usermod -G ga ua:Put Add user ua to group ga groupmod Modify group -g Modify GID -n Modify group name; for example: goupemod -n gb ga Change the group name ga to gbFor files, the full permission value is 666 (all users rw-)

For directories, the full permission value is 777 (all users rwx)

r: 4 w:2 x:1 -:0

chmod Change permissions: Method 1: chmod 777 file1 Method 2: chmod [ugoa] [[+-=] [rwxXstugo]]Method 2 parameter description:

Parameter 1: u user; g group; o other; a all Parameter 2: Add + remove on the existing basis - set to =

Parameter 3:

u: Set the permissions to be the same as the owner; g: Set the permissions to be the same as the group; o: Set the permissions to be the same as other users

chown: Change ownership usage: chown owner[.group] file

For example: chown dan file1 changes the owner chown dan.ga file2 changes the owner and group at the same time chown .ga file3 changes the group chgrp ga file4: Change the file's 'default' group

free -m: Check the remaining memory

Communication instructions:

rusers: Check who is on the machine

ku is easier to use than Russers and provides finger, talk, write, mail and other functions

mesg y accepts messages from other users ( System default)
mesg n Deny other user messages

talk Online pairing For a chat system, use ctalk

# to give an example: if you want to chat with hijack, hijack is using the computer 192.168.1.3, just talk hijack@192.168.1.3, provided that hijack is online and the other party can mesg yaccept or mesg nrejectfinger yes Query the local machine or remote machine user brief information, for example: finger hijack@192.168.1.3

##rlogin,rsh,telnet Remote login (login)

System information:

quota -v Check your available disks Space size (unit: KB) and number of files

date Current date and time

who Check who are currently using the same machine as you and their login time and location

w Check the detailed status of those currently logged on

whoami View your account name

groups [Account name] View someone’s group

passwd Change password

chsh Change your login shell

chfn Change your full name (not your account name)

cal Print out the monthly or annual calendar

tty Display the name of the current terminal

history Check the commands you have issued

nslookup Query the hostname and IP to the Name Server

Process control

kill Stop the processing program. Usually use the ps command to check the Process ID first, and then kill it. kill -9 immediately stops a process. kill -9 -1 kills all the processes belonging to you in the system. The process

jobs lists the jobs currently being executed

fg will be aborted Job returns to the foreground and continues execution

bg Background execution

at Execute at the specified time Command

batch Execute multiple commands in sequence

crontab Requires the system to execute specific commands regularly Command

nice Adjust the priority of the process

nohup Make the process continue after logout Execute

pipe and input and output redirection

Standard input (stdin): usually the keyboard, you can use

< to redirect. Example: mail b82000 < myfile can send the myfile file to b82000

Standard output (stdout): usually the screen, use

> to redirect, use >> The result can be appended to the end of the file. Example: finger b81045 > myfile can write the query results on the myfile file.

Pipeline: The symbol of the pipe is "|", which is used to connect two commands. The output of the command on the left of "|" serves as the input of the command on the right of "|". For example: ls -l .. | more can output the contents of the upper-level directory page by page; who | grep b.503 | sort| more can sort the list of electrical engineering students currently online and output it in pages.

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