zend给php的所有变量都用结构的方式去保存,而字符串的保存和数组的保存也是不同的,数组采用的是hash表的方式去保存(大家知道hash保存的地址有效的减少冲突-hash散列表的概念你懂的),而在php中的结构体上表现如下:
//文件1:zend/zend.h
/*
* zval
*/
typedef struct _zval_struct zval;
...
typedef union _zvalue_value {
long lval; /* long value */
double dval; /* double value */
struct {
char *val;
int len;
} str;
HashTable *ht; /* hash table value */
zend_object_value obj;
} zvalue_value;
struct _zval_struct {
/* Variable information */
zvalue_value value; /* value */
zend_uint refcount__gc;
zend_uchar type; /* active type */
zend_uchar is_ref__gc;
};
//hash表的结构如下
//文件2:zend/zend_hash.h
typedef struct _hashtable {
uint nTableSize;
uint nTableMask;
uint nNumOfElements;
ulong nNextFreeElement;
Bucket *pInternalPointer; /* Used for element traversal */
Bucket *pListHead;
Bucket *pListTail;
Bucket **arBuckets;
dtor_func_t pDestructor;
zend_bool persistent;
unsigned char nApplyCount;
zend_bool bApplyProtection;
#if ZEND_DEBUG
int inconsistent;
#endif
}
HashTable;
一般的变量(字符串)在使用strlen获取长度的时候,其实获取的就是zvalue_value.str这个结构中的len属性,效率上O(1)次,特别说明的一点是:strlen在php中并没有核心的实现,而是在使用了zend中的宏定义来获取:
//文件3:zend/zend_operators.php
#define Z_STRLEN(zval) (zval).value.str.len
...
#define Z_STRLEN_P(zval_p) Z_STRLEN(*zval_p)
...
#define Z_STRLEN_PP(zval_pp) Z_STRLEN(**zval_pp)
而对于数组的count操作,其实有两种结果,在count 的api中也提到了第二个参数mode《http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.count.php》,这个mode参数指明了,是否需要重新统计,而它的重新统计将会遍历一次数组,效率上是O(N)[N:长度],默认情况下是不重新统计,那这个时候将会直接输出hashtable中的nNumOfElements,此时的效率也是O(1)次:count代码如下:
//文件4:ext/standard/array.c
PHP_FUNCTION(count)
{
zval *array;
long mode = COUNT_NORMAL;
if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "z|l", &array, &mode) == FAILURE) {
return;
}
switch (Z_TYPE_P(array)) {
case IS_NULL:
RETURN_LONG(0);
break;
case IS_ARRAY:
RETURN_LONG (php_count_recursive (array, mode TSRMLS_CC));
break;
.....
//php_count_recursive的实现
static int php_count_recursive(zval *array, long mode TSRMLS_DC) /* {{{ */
{
long cnt = 0;
zval **element;
if (Z_TYPE_P(array) == IS_ARRAY) {
//错误处理
if (Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount > 1) {
php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "recursion detected");
return 0;
}
//通过zend_hash_num_elements直接获得长度
cnt = zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(array));
//如果指定了需要重新统计,则会进入一次循环统计
if (mode == COUNT_RECURSIVE) {
HashPosition pos;
for (zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos);
zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), (void **) &element, &pos) == SUCCESS;
zend_hash_move_forward_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos)
) {
Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount++;
cnt += php_count_recursive(*element, COUNT_RECURSIVE TSRMLS_CC);
Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount--;
}
}
}
return cnt;
}
//文件5:zend/zend_hash.c
//zend_hash_num_elements的实现
ZEND_API int zend_hash_num_elements(const HashTable *ht)
{
IS_CONSISTENT(ht);
return ht->nNumOfElements;
}

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.

In PHP, use the clone keyword to create a copy of the object and customize the cloning behavior through the \_\_clone magic method. 1. Use the clone keyword to make a shallow copy, cloning the object's properties but not the object's properties. 2. The \_\_clone method can deeply copy nested objects to avoid shallow copying problems. 3. Pay attention to avoid circular references and performance problems in cloning, and optimize cloning operations to improve efficiency.

PHP is suitable for web development and content management systems, and Python is suitable for data science, machine learning and automation scripts. 1.PHP performs well in building fast and scalable websites and applications and is commonly used in CMS such as WordPress. 2. Python has performed outstandingly in the fields of data science and machine learning, with rich libraries such as NumPy and TensorFlow.


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