Tutorial on the use of dd command in Linux

The dd command copies a file using blocks of the specified size, and performs the specified conversion while copying. The following article mainly introduces you to the relevant information about the use of the dd command in Linux. It has certain reference and learning value for everyone. Friends who need it can take a look below.

This article mainly introduces to you the relevant content about the use of dd command in Linux, and shares it for your reference and study. Let’s take a look at the detailed introduction:

一. The Linux dd command copies a file using blocks of a specified size, and performs specified conversions while copying.

Usage: dd [OPERAND]

ParametersComments:

 bs=BYTES  read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=)
 cbs=BYTES  convert BYTES bytes at a time
 conv=CONVS  convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list
 count=N   copy only N input blocks
 ibs=BYTES  read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
 if=FILE   read from FILE instead of stdin(默认为标准输入)
 iflag=FLAGS  read as per the comma separated symbol list
 obs=BYTES  write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
 of=FILE   write to FILE instead of stdout(默认为标准输出)
 oflag=FLAGS  write as per the comma separated symbol list
 seek=BLOCKS  skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output
 skip=BLOCKS  skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input
 status=WHICH WHICH info to suppress outputting to stderr;
     'noxfer' suppresses transfer stats, 'none' suppresses all

Optional parameters of CONVS

 ascii  from EBCDIC to ASCII
 ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC
 ibm  from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC
 block  pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size
 unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline
 lcase  change upper case to lower case
 nocreat do not create the output file
 excl  fail if the output file already exists
 notrunc do not truncate the output file
 ucase  change lower case to upper case
 sparse try to seek rather than write the output for NUL input blocks
 swab  swap every pair of input bytes
 noerror continue after read errors
 sync  pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used
   with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs
 fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
 fsync  likewise, but also write metadata

Optional parameters of FLAGS

 append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested)
 direct use direct I/O for data
 directory fail unless a directory
 dsync  use synchronized I/O for data
 sync  likewise, but also for metadata
 fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only)
 nonblock use non-blocking I/O
 noatime do not update access time
 noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file
 nofollow do not follow symlinks
 count_bytes treat 'count=N' as a byte count (iflag only)

Note: If the place where the number is specified ends with the following characters, the corresponding number will be multiplied:

c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M

GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y

2. Usage Example

1. Back up the entire local /dev/hdb disk to /dev/hdd

dd if=/dev/hdb of=/dev/hdd

2. Back up the entire /dev/hdb disk data to the image file in the specified path

dd if=/dev/hdb of=/root/image

3. Back up the entire /dev/hdb data, compress it using the gzip tool, and save it to the specified path

dd if=/dev/hdb | gzip > /root/image.gz

4. Split a file into 3 files

#文件大小为2.3k
[Oracle@rhel6 ~]$ ll db1_db_links.sql 
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2344 Nov 21 10:39 db1_db_links.sql
#把这个文件拆成每个文件1k，bs=1k，count=1，使用skip参数指定在输入文件中跳过多少个bs支读取
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd if=db1_db_links.sql of=dd01.sql bs=1k count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1024 bytes (1.0 kB) copied, 4.5536e-05 s, 22.5 MB/s
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd if=db1_db_links.sql of=dd02.sql bs=1k count=1 skip=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1024 bytes (1.0 kB) copied, 0.000146387 s, 7.0 MB/s
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd if=db1_db_links.sql of=dd03.sql bs=1k count=1 skip=2
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
296 bytes (296 B) copied, 0.000204216 s, 1.4 MB/s
#拆分出的文件
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ ll dd*sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 1024 May 20 14:58 dd01.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 1024 May 20 14:58 dd02.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 296 May 20 14:58 dd03.sql

5. Merge the split files into 1

#合并操作，此时用到seek参数，用于指定在输入文件中跳过的bs数
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd of=1.sql if=dd01.sql 
2+0 records in
2+0 records out
1024 bytes (1.0 kB) copied, 0.000176 s, 5.8 MB/s
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd of=1.sql if=dd02.sql bs=1k seek=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1024 bytes (1.0 kB) copied, 0.000124038 s, 8.3 MB/s
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd of=1.sql if=dd03.sql bs=1k seek=2
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
296 bytes (296 B) copied, 0.00203881 s, 145 kB/s
#与拆分前的文件进行校验
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ diff 1.sql db1_db_links.sql
[oracle@rhel6 ~]$

6. Insert data at the specified position in the output file without truncating the output file

You need to use the conv=notrunc parameter

[oracle@rhel6 ~]$ dd if=2.sql of=1.sql bs=1k seek=1 count=2 conv=notrunc

Summarize

The above is the detailed content of Tutorial on the use of dd command in Linux. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!