Detailed explanation of wildcards and regular expressions under Linux (picture)

Regularexpression matches the qualified string in the file. This article will introduce to you the wildcard and regular expressions under linux. Friends who need it can refer to it

wildcard

* Any character, can be repeated multiple times
? Any character, repeated once
[] represents one character

Example: [a,b,c] represents The role of any

wildcard in abc is to match the

regular expression

regular expression used to match the file name It is used to match qualified strings in files

ls find cp does not support regular expressions

But grep awk sed supports regular expressions

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# touch aa
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# touch aab aabb
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:47 aa
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:47 aab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:47 aabb
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls aa
aa
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls aa?
aab
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls aa*
aa  aab  aabb

regular expressions FormulaSpecial characters

Regular expression matching range

Regular expression standard characters

##Use regular expressions

 grep "1" /etc/passwd

The line containing keyword 1, grep only needs to contain it, no wildcards are needed, it must be completely consistent

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# grep "1" /etc/passwd
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
wang:x:501:501::/home/wang:/bin/bash
grep 'root' /etc/passwd
cat /etc/passwd | grep 'root'

The same principle applies, but the pipe character consumes more resources

So

1. Match lines containing numbers

  grep '[0-9]' /etc/passwd

2. Match lines containing three consecutive numbers

 grep '[0-9][0-9][0-9]' /etc/passwd      或者  grep ':[0-9][0-9][0-9]:' /etc/passwd

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# grep '[0-9][0-9][0-9]' /etc/passwd
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:497:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:"Saslauthd user":/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
liucheng:x:500:500::/home/liucheng:/bin/bash
wang:x:501:501::/home/wang:/bin/bas

3. Match lines starting with r and ending with n

 grep '^r.*n$' /etc/passwd
.*代表所有
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# grep '^r.*n$' /etc/passwd        
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:497:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

4. Filter ifconfig and intercept ip

grep -v represents reverse interception, which means to remove lines with a certain keyword sed means replacement

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ifconfig | grep 'inet addr:'
     inet addr:192.168.126.191 Bcast:192.168.126.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
     inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# 
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ifconfig | grep 'inet addr:' | grep -v '127.0.0.1'
     inet addr:192.168.126.191 Bcast:192.168.126.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ifconfig | grep 'inet addr:' | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | sed 's/inet addr://g'
     192.168.126.191 Bcast:192.168.126.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ifconfig | grep 'inet addr:' | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | sed 's/inet addr://g' | sed 's/Bcast.*//g'
     192.168.126.191

Misunderstanding

There is a misunderstanding here. I have been thinking about it for a long time. It is the difference between regular expressions and wildcards.

We know that the * in wildcards refers to any character, and the * in regular expressions that can be repeated multiple times refers to Match the previous character >= 0 times

These two are completely different, so how do I know whether the * I use is a wildcard or a regular expression

At first I fell into a misunderstanding, see below This string of commands

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# touch ac aac abc abbc
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:55 aac
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:55 abbc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:55 abc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 16 19:55 ac
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls | grep 'a*c'
aac
abbc
abc
ac
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls | grep 'a.*c'
aac
abbc
abc
ac
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls | grep '^a.*c'
aac
abbc
abc
ac
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls | grep '^a*c' 
aac
ac

Why are the results of grep 'a*c' and grep '^a*c$' different? I thought one was a wildcard and the other was a regular expression, because a*c displays four As a result, doesn’t

just match any number of characters?

Actually, it is not the case. The function of

wildcard is to match the

regular expression of the file name. The formula is to match the qualified string in the file.

After passing it to the pipe character, using grep is no longer to match the file name. This is an operation on the file, so it is completely a regular expression.

grep 'a*c' means matching a>=0, so as long as it contains c, it is OK

And grep '^a*c$' is also a regular expression, which means it starts with a , and the second character matches a zero or more times, followed by the letter c

, so only aac and ac meet the conditions

So look at this example

[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls
a aac abb abbc abc ac b bb c cb
[root@hadoop-bigdata01 test]# ls | grep 'a*b'
abb
abbc
abc
b
bb
cb

Here grep 'a*b' does not mean that it contains a and b, but that a is repeated 0 or more times and then contains b

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