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In addition to a detailed basic introduction to XML that Web programmers are concerned about

黄舟

Apr 21, 2017 pm 05:17 PM

XML与HTML

首先，XML与HTML类似的，都是一种标记语言。

当初在设计XML时，并非为了将HTML赶下神坛，实际上，XML是为了另外一种目的设计的。

XML旨在传输信息，HTML旨在显示信息

HTML可以有什么标签，不能有什么标签，是被一系列规范约束的；
但在XML中，可以定义自己的标签。

XML有什么用

由于XML是纯文本格式的，因此独立于任何硬件和软件，是一种真正的跨平台数据传输格式。

在XML的基础上，许多其它的技术也得以诞生，比如我们最熟悉的web service，WSDL机制便是基于XML来实现的(也有基于JSON实现的)。

这都得益于XML是一种扩展性非常高的数据传输格式。

语法规则

必须有关闭标签
如<a>，则必须有一个对应的与之配对，当然用<a name=""/>则是一种简略的缩写。
大小写敏感
XML文档必须有根元素
属性值必须加引号

特殊字符的转义

<   -  <
>   -  >
&  -  &
&apos; -  &#39;
" -  "

注释

元素命名规则

名称可以含字母、数字以及其他的字符
名称不能以数字或者标点符号开始
名称不能以字符 “xml”（或者 XML、Xml）开始
名称不能包含空格

属性

属性必须加引号，如果属性本身有双引号，就用单引号包围它

<a name=&#39;steve "aplple" Jobs&#39; />

XML验证

有许多验证方式来验证XML格式是否良好。常用的有以下两种：

XML DTD
XML Schema

XML DTD

合法的 XML 文档是“形式良好”的 XML 文档，同样遵守文档类型定义 (DTD) 的语法规则：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Note.dtd">
<note>
<to>George</to>
<from>John</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don&#39;t forget the meeting!</body>
</note>

在上例中，DOCTYPE 声明是对外部 DTD 文件的引用。下面的段落展示了这个文件的内容。

<!DOCTYPE note [
  <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
  <!ELEMENT to      (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT from    (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
  <!ELEMENT body    (#PCDATA)>
]>

XML Schema

W3C 支持一种基于 XML 的 DTD 代替者，它名为 XML Schema：

<xs:element name="note">

<xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="to"      type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="from"    type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="heading" type="xs:string"/>
    <xs:element name="body"    type="xs:string"/>
  </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

</xs:element>

XML命名空间

命名空间的主要目的是解决元素命名冲突的问题。以下两份XML配置文件有命名冲突的问题:

<table>
   <tr>
   <td>Apples</td>
   <td>Bananas</td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table>
   <name>African Coffee Table</name>
   <width>80</width>
   <length>120</length>
</table>

使用命名空间来解决冲突后:

<table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
   <tr>
   <td>Apples</td>
   <td>Bananas</td>
   </tr>
</table>

<table xmlns="http://www.w3school.com.cn/furniture">
   <name>African Coffee Table</name>
   <width>80</width>
   <length>120</length>
</table>

命名空间xmlns属性值本身并没有多大含义，只是为了区分命名空间的不同，但实际上xmlns会被开发者用来标识某些资源。

XML CDATA

所有 XML 文档中的文本均会被解析器解析。

只有 CDATA 区段（CDATA section）中的文本会被解析器忽略。

PCDATA

PCDATA 指的是被解析的字符数据（Parsed Character Data）。
XML 解析器通常会解析 XML 文档中所有的文本。
当某个 XML 元素被解析时，其标签之间的文本也会被解析：

<message>此文本也会被解析</message>

解析器之所以这么做是因为 XML 元素可包含其他元素，就像这个例子中，其中的元素包含着另外的两个元素(first 和 last)：

<name><first>Bill</first><last>Gates</last></name>

而解析器会把它分解为像这样的子元素：

<name>
    <first>Bill</first>
    <last>Gates</last>
</name>

CDATA

术语 CDATA 指的是不应由 XML 解析器进行解析的文本数据（Unparsed Character Data）。

在 XML 元素中，"

"&" 也会产生错误，因为解析器会把该字符解释为字符实体的开始。

某些文本，比如 JavaScript 代码，包含大量 "

CDATA 部分中的所有内容都会被解析器忽略。

CDATA 部分由 " 开始，由 "]]>" 结束：

<script>
<![CDATA[
function matchwo(a,b)
{
if (a < b && a < 0) then
  {
  return 1;
  }
else
  {
  return 0;
  }
}
]]>
</script>

在上面的例子中，解析器会忽略 CDATA 部分中的所有内容。

关于 CDATA 部分的注释：

CDATA 部分不能包含字符串 "]]>"。也不允许嵌套的 CDATA 部分。

标记 CDATA 部分结尾的 "]]>" 不能包含空格或折行。

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