Javascript中的数组是个强大的家伙:
- 你可以创建的时候不规定长度,而是动态的去改变长度。
- 你可以把他当成普通的数组去读取,也可以当他是堆栈来使用。
- 你可以改变数组中每个元素的值甚至是类型。
好吧,其实他是一个对象,比如我们可以这样去创建数组:
<font size="3">var array = new Array(10);</font>
Javascript的数组的强大以及全能,给我们带来了便捷性。但一般而言:
全能的东西能在各种环境下使用,但却不一定适用于各种环境。
而TypedArray正是为了解决Javascript中数组“干太多事”而出现的。
起源
TypedArray是一种通用的固定长度缓冲区类型,允许读取缓冲区中的二进制数据。
其在WEBGL规范中被引入用于解决Javascript处理二进制数据的问题。
TypedArray已经被大部分现代浏览器支持,例如可以用下面方法创建TypedArray:
<font size="3"> // 创建一个8-byte的ArrayBuffer var b = new ArrayBuffer(8); // 创建一个b的引用,类型是Int32,起始位置在0,结束位置为缓冲区尾部 var v1 = new Int32Array(b); // 创建一个b的引用,类型是Uint8,起始位置在2,结束位置为缓冲区尾部 var v2 = new Uint8Array(b, 2); // 创建一个b的引用,类型是Int16,起始位置在2,总长度为2 var v3 = new Int16Array(b, 2, 2);</font>
则缓冲和创建的引用布局为:
变量 | 索引 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
字节数 | ||||||||
b = | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
索引数 | ||||||||
v1 = | 0 | 1 | ||||||
v2 = | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
v3 = | 0 | 1 |
这表示Int32类型的v1数组的第0个元素是ArrayBuffer类型的b的第0-3个字节,如此等等。
构造函数
上面我们通过ArrayBuffer来创建TypedArray,而实际上,TypedArray提供了3个构造函数来创建他的实例。
构造函数 | |
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所以通常我们用下面的方式创建TypedArray:
<font size="3">var array = new Uint8Array(10);</font>
或者:
<font size="3">var array = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]);</font>
数据操作
TypedArray提供了setter、getter、set和subarray四个方法进行数据操作。
方法 | |
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例如读取元素可以用:
<font size="3">var array = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]); alert(array[4]); //5</font>
设置元素可以用:
<font size="3">var array = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]); alert(array[4]); //5 array[4] = 12; alert(array[4]); //12</font>
获取一个副本可以用:
<font size="3">var array = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]); var array2 = array.subarray(0);</font>
数组类型
类型 | 大小 | 描述 | Web IDL类型 | C 类型 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Int8Array |
1 | 8位有符号整数 | byte |
signed char |
Uint8Array |
1 | 8位无符号整数 | octet |
unsigned char |
Uint8ClampedArray |
1 | 8位无符号整数 (clamped) | octet |
unsigned char |
Int16Array |
2 | 16位有符号整数 | short |
short |
Uint16Array |
2 | 16位无符号整数 | unsigned short |
unsigned short |
Int32Array |
4 | 32位有符号整数 | long |
int |
Uint32Array |
4 | 32位无符号整数 | unsigned long |
unsigned int |
Float32Array |
4 | 32位IEEE浮点数 | unrestricted float |
float |
Float64Array |
8 | 64位IEEE浮点数 | unrestricted double |
double |
玩过canvas的可能会觉得很眼熟。
因为ImageData中用于存储图像数据的数组便是Uint8ClampedArray类型的。
例如:
<font size="3">var context = document.createElement("canvas").getContext("2d"); var imageData = context.createImageData(100, 100); console.log(imageData.data);</font>
其在FireBug中显示为:
Uint8ClampedArray { 0=0, 1=0, 2=0, 更多...}
为什么要用TypedArray
我们知道Javascript中数字是64位浮点数。则对于一个二进制图片(图片每个像素点是以8位无符号整数存储的),如果要将其数据在Javascript数组中使用,相当于使用了图片8倍的内存来存储一个图片的数据,这显然是不科学的。而TypedArray能帮助我们只使用原来1/8的内存来存储图片数据。
或者对于WebSocket,如果用base64进行传输也是一个花费较高的方式,转而使用二进制传送可能是更好的方式。
当然,TypedArray还有更多好处,比如具有更好的性能,下面我们进行一些小测试来验证这一点。
参与测试的浏览器为:
FireFox 17.0.1 和 Chrome 23.0.1271.97m
- Test1:顺序读取速读
<font size="3">var timeArray1 = []; var timeArray2 = []; function check1(){ var array = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ array[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var time1 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ temp = array[i]; } var time2 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time2 - time1); timeArray1.push(time2 - time1); } function check2(){ var array2 = new Array(5000000); for(var i = array2.length; i--;){ array2[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var time3 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array2.length; i--;){ temp = array2[i]; } var time4 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time4 - time3); timeArray2.push(time4 - time3); } function timer(__fun, __time, __callback){ var now = 0; function begin(){ var timeout = setTimeout(function(){ if(now !== __time){ now++; __fun(); begin(); }else{ if(timeArray1.length && timeArray2.length){ console.log("timeArray1 == " + timeArray1 + ", average == " + average(timeArray1)); console.log("timeArray2 == " + timeArray2 + ", average == " + average(timeArray2)); } __callback && __callback(); } }, 100); } begin(); } function average(__array){ var total = 0; for(var i = __array.length; i--;){ total += __array[i]; } return (total / __array.length); } timer(check1, 10, function(){ timer(check2, 10); });</font>
可见Uint8ClampedArray的读取速度明显比Array要快(条状柱越长,代表花费时间越多)。
- Test2:随机读取
<font size="3">//…… function check1(){ var array = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ array[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var time1 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ temp = array[Math.floor(Math.random() * 5000000)]; } var time2 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time2 - time1); timeArray1.push(time2 - time1); } function check2(){ var array2 = new Array(5000000); for(var i = array2.length; i--;){ array2[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var time3 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array2.length; i--;){ temp = array2[Math.floor(Math.random() * 5000000)]; } var time4 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time4 - time3); timeArray2.push(time4 - time3); } //……</font>
随即读取中Uint8ClampedArray的读取速度也是比Array要快的。
- Test3:顺序写入
<font size="3">//…… function check1(){ var array = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); var time1 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ array[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var time2 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time2 - time1); timeArray1.push(time2 - time1); } function check2(){ var array2 = new Array(5000000); var time3 = (new Date()).getTime(); for(var i = array2.length; i--;){ array2[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var time4 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time4 - time3); timeArray2.push(time4 - time3); } //……</font>
- Test4:复制操作(U8C to U8C 和 Array to U8C)
<font size="3">//…… function check1(){ var array = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ array[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var array2 = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); var time1 = (new Date()).getTime(); array2.set(array); var time2 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time2 - time1); timeArray2.push(time2 - time1); } function check2(){ var array = new Array(5000000); for(var i = array.length; i--;){ array[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); } var temp; var array2 = new Uint8ClampedArray(5000000); var time1 = (new Date()).getTime(); array2.set(array); var time2 = (new Date()).getTime(); console.log(time2 - time1); timeArray2.push(time2 - time1); } //……</font>
可见U8C复制到U8C,比Array复制到U8C快得多。
参考文献

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Advanced tips for H5 include: 1. Use complex graphics to draw, 2. Use WebWorkers to improve performance, 3. Enhance user experience through WebStorage, 4. Implement responsive design, 5. Use WebRTC to achieve real-time communication, 6. Perform performance optimization and best practices. These tips help developers build more dynamic, interactive and efficient web applications.


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