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HomeWeb Front-endH5 TutorialHTML5应用程序缓存Application Cache详解

什么是Application Cache

HTML5引入了应用程序缓存技术,意味着web应用可进行缓存,并在没有网络的情况下使用,通过创建cache manifest文件,可以轻松的创建离线应用。

Application Cache带来的三个优势是:

① 离线浏览

② 提升页面载入速度

③ 降低服务器压力

而且主要浏览器皆以支持Application Cache,就算不支持也不会对程序造成什么影响

离线存储技术

HTML5提出了两大离线存储技术:localstorage与Application Cache,两者各有应用场景;传统还有离线存储技术为Cookie。

经过实践我们任务localstorage应该存储一些非关键性ajax数据,做锦上添花的事情;

Application Cache用于存储静态资源,仍然是干锦上添花的事情;

而cookie只能保存一小段文本(4096字节);所以不能存储大数据,这是cookie与上述缓存技术的差异之一,而因为HTTP是无状态的,服务器为了区分请求是否来源于同一个服务器,需要一个标识字符串,而这个任务就是cookie完成的,这一段文本每次都会在服务器与浏览器之间传递,以验证用户的权限。

所以Application Cache的应用场景不一样,所以使用也不一致。

Application Cache简介

Application Cache的使用要做两方面的工作:

① 服务器端需要维护一个manifest清单

② 浏览器上只需要一个简单的设置即可

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以例子做说明:

  1. CACHE MANIFEST

  2. CACHE:
  3. # 需要缓存的列表
  4. style1.css
  5. 1.jpg
  6. 01.js

  7. http://localhost/applicationcache/02.js


  8. http://localhost/applicationcache/zepto.js

  9. NETWORK:
  10. # 不需要缓存的
  11. 4.jpg

  12. FALLBACK:
  13. # 访问缓存失败后,备用访问的资源,第一个是访问源,第二个是替换文件*.html /offline.html
  14. 2.jpg/3.jpg
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首先我这里报了一个错:

  1. Application Cache Error event: Manifest fetch failed (404)
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这个错误的原因是:manifest 文件需要配置正确的 MIME-type,即 “text/cache-manifest”。必须在 web 服务器上进行配置,不同的服务器不一样

HTML5应用程序缓存Application Cache详解



  1. \APPLICATIONCACHE
  2.     01.js
  3.     02.js
  4.     1.jpg
  5.     2.jpg
  6.     3.jpg
  7.     4.jpg
  8.     demo.appcache
  9.     index.html
  10.     style1.css
  11.     style2.css
  12.     web.config
  13.     zepto.js
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这样一来便可以离线应用了,这个时候就算断网了,那些文件依旧能访问

HTML5应用程序缓存Application Cache详解


这里有一点值得注意,比如这里不带/index.html他会将“applicationcache/”缓存,其实这个就是index.html

manifest 文件可分为三个部分:
CACHE MANIFEST - 在此标题下列出的文件将在首次下载后进行缓存
NETWORK - 在此标题下列出的文件需要与服务器的连接,且不会被缓存
FALLBACK - 在此标题下列出的文件规定当页面无法访问时的回退页面(比如 404 页面)

HTML5应用程序缓存Application Cache详解


如图所示,HTML5定义了几个事件点,但是我们一般不会主动使用js去操作什么,大多数情况下,我们完全依赖浏览器的处理即可。

尺寸限制

Application Cache的尺寸限制统一在5M,我这里做一个测试:

HTML5应用程序缓存Application Cache详解


如所示,两个css文件依旧超过了5M这个时候

  1. Document was loaded from Application Cache with manifest http://localhost/applicationcache/demo.appcache
  2. index.html:1 Application Cache Checking event
  3. index.html:6 GET http://localhost/applicationcache/style2.css net::ERR_FAILED
  4. index.html:1 Application Cache NoUpdate event
  5. index.html:11 GET http://localhost/applicationcache/2.jpg net::ERR_FAILED
  6. index.html:12 GET http://localhost/applicationcache/3.jpg net::ERR_FAILED
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如所示,style2已经不能缓存了,这个会造成什么问题呢?

比如我A频道维护了自己的Application Cache,B频道也维护了自己的,这个时候A频道如果使用达到了一个峰值,会导致B频道所有的缓存失效,所以:

建议Application Cache,存储公共资源,不要存储业务资源

一些问题

由更新机制来说,首次更新manifest时,因为页面加载已经开始甚至已经完成,缓存更新尚未完成,浏览器仍然会使用过期的资源;浏览器是当Application Cache有更新时,该次不会使用新资源,第二次才会使用。这个时候update事件中执行window.reload事件。

  1. window.applicationCache.addEventListener("updateready", function(){
  2.     window.location.reload()
  3. });
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由上例可以知道,缓存的不只是显示定义的文件,比如上例中的applicationcache/时便会默认保存index.html为映射的数据,并且包含demo.appcache文件,很多时候会遇到一次文件更新线上老是不更新,这个时候随便在manifest配置文件中做一点修改即可更新。

比如我们将这里代码做一个改变:


  1. =>
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这个时候如果不做demo.appcache的更新的话,缓存将不会更新,原因是index.html被缓存了,检测的仍然是原manifest清单

各个页面统一管理自己的manifest清单,意思是a页面配置了common.js,b页面也配置了common.js,意思是a页面更新后,b页面的manifest不更改的话,b页面依旧读取的是老版本的文件,这个有一定道理却也有一定浪费,需要公共页面做处理。

总结

从可用性与易用性来说,Application Cache是值得使用的,但是最好是做静态资源的缓存,真正要实现离线应用还得花更多的功夫呢!

参考:http://www.w3school.com.cn/html5/html_5_app_cache.asp

via:http://www.codeceo.com/article/html5-application-cache.html

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