CSS advanced layout techniques

Use :empty to distinguish empty elements

Compatibility: IE8 is not supported

If we have the above list:

<div class="item">a</div>
<div class="item">b</div>
<div class="item"></div>

We hope to be able to compare empty elements and If non-empty elements are treated differently, there are two options.

Use :empty to select empty elements:

.item:empty {
  display: none;
}

Or use :not(:empty) to select non-empty elements:

.item:not(:empty) {
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  /* ... */
}

Use :*-Of-Type to select elements

Compatibility: IE8 is not supported

Example.

Bold the first p paragraph:

p:first-of-type {
  font-weight: bold;
}

Add a border to the last img:

img:last-of-type {
  border: 10px solid #ccc;
}

Add style to the unconnected blockquote:

blockquote:only-of-type {
  border-left: 5px solid #ccc;
  padding-left: 2em;
}

Let the p paragraphs in odd-numbered columns be red first:

p:nth-of-type(even) {
  color: red;
}

In addition, :nth-of-type can also have other types of parameters:

/* Even number*/
: nth-of-type(even)

/* only the third one*/
:nth-of-type(3)

/* every third one*/
:nth-of-type(3n)

/* Add three to every fourth, i.e. 3, 7, 11, ... */
:nth-of-type(4n+3 )

Use calc for fluid layout

Compatibility: IE8 is not supported

Left, middle and right fluid layout:

nav {
  position: fixed;
  left: 0;
  top: 0;
  width: 5rem;
  height: 100%;
}
aside {
  position: fixed;
  right: 0;
  top: 0;
  width: 20rem;
  height: 100%;
}
main {
  margin-left: 5rem;
  width: calc(100% - 25rem);
}

Use vw and vh to create full-screen scrolling effect

Compatibility: IE8 is not supported

vw and vh are relative to the viewport, so they will not change with the content and layout Change with change.

section {
  width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
  background-size: cover;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-attachment: fixed;
}
section:nth-of-type(1) {
  background-image: url('https://unsplash.it/1024/683?image=1068');
}
section:nth-of-type(2) {
  background-image: url('https://unsplash.it/1024/683?image=1073');
}
section:nth-of-type(3) {
  background-image: url('https://unsplash.it/1024/683?image=1047');
}
section:nth-of-type(4) {
  background-image: url('https://unsplash.it/1024/683?image=1032');
}
body {
  margin: 0;
}
p {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 100px;
  font-family: monospace;
}

Use unset to do CSS Reset

Compatibility: IE is not supported

body {
  color: red;
}
button {
  color: white;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
/* 取消 section 中 button 的 color 设置 */
section button {
  color: unset;
}

Use column to do responsive column layout

Compatibility : Does not support IE9

nav {
  column-count: 4;
  column-width: 150px;
  column-gap: 3rem;
  column-rule: 1px dashed #ccc;
  column-fill: auto;
}
h2 {
  column-span: all;
}

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