C++ multithreading

Multi-threading is a special form of multitasking, which allows the computer to run two or more programs at the same time. In general, there are two types of multitasking: process-based and thread-based.

Process-based multitasking is the concurrent execution of programs.

Thread-based multitasking is the concurrent execution of fragments of the same program.

Multi-threaded programs contain two or more parts that can run simultaneously. Each part of such a program is called a thread, and each thread defines a separate execution path.

C++ does not contain any built-in support for multi-threaded applications. Instead, it relies entirely on the operating system to provide this functionality.

This tutorial assumes that you are using a Linux operating system and we are going to use POSIX to write a multi-threaded C++ program. POSIX Threads or Pthreads provide an API available on a variety of Unix-like POSIX systems, such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris.

Create thread

The following program, we can use it to create a POSIX thread:

#include <pthread.h>pthread_create (thread, attr, start_routine, arg)

Here, pthread_create creates a new thread and makes it executable . The following is a description of the parameters:

##threadPointer to the thread identifier. attrAn opaque attribute object that can be used to set thread attributes. You can specify a thread properties object, or use the default value of NULL. start_routineThe starting address of the thread running function will be executed once the thread is created. arg Parameters to run the function. It must be passed by casting the reference as a pointer to void type. If no parameters are passed, NULL is used.

创建线程成功时，函数返回 0，若返回值不为 0 则说明创建线程失败。

终止线程

使用下面的程序，我们可以用它来终止一个 POSIX 线程：

#include <pthread.h>pthread_exit (status)

在这里，pthread_exit 用于显式地退出一个线程。通常情况下，pthread_exit() 函数是在线程完成工作后无需继续存在时被调用。

如果 main() 是在它所创建的线程之前结束，并通过 pthread_exit() 退出，那么其他线程将继续执行。否则，它们将在 main() 结束时自动被终止。

实例

以下简单的实例代码使用 pthread_create() 函数创建了 5 个线程，每个线程输出"Hello Runoob！":

#include <iostream>// 必须的头文件是#include <pthread.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 5// 线程的运行函数void* say_hello(void* args){
    cout << "Hello Runoob！" << endl;}int main(){
    // 定义线程的 id 变量，多个变量使用数组
    pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
    for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i)
    {
        //参数依次是：创建的线程id，线程参数，调用的函数，传入的函数参数
        int ret = pthread_create(&tids[i], NULL, say_hello, NULL);
        if (ret != 0)
        {
           cout << "pthread_create error: error_code=" << ret << endl;
        }
    }
    //等各个线程退出后，进程才结束，否则进程强制结束了，线程可能还没反应过来；
    pthread_exit(NULL);}

使用 -lpthread 库编译下面的程序：

$ g++ test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o

现在，执行程序，将产生下列结果：

$ ./test.oHello Runoob！Hello Runoob！Hello Runoob！Hello Runoob！Hello Runoob！

以下简单的实例代码使用 pthread_create() 函数创建了 5 个线程，并接收传入的参数。每个线程打印一个 "Hello Runoob!" 消息，并输出接收的参数，然后调用 pthread_exit() 终止线程。

//文件名：test.cpp#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS     5void *PrintHello(void *threadid){  
   // 对传入的参数进行强制类型转换，由无类型指针变为整形数指针，然后再读取
   int tid = *((int*)threadid);
   cout << "Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, " << tid << endl;
   pthread_exit(NULL);}int main (){
   pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
   int indexes[NUM_THREADS];// 用数组来保存i的值
   int rc;
   int i;
   for( i=0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ){      
      cout << "main() : 创建线程, " << i << endl;
      indexes[i] = i; //先保存i的值
      // 传入的时候必须强制转换为void* 类型，即无类型指针        
      rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, 
                          PrintHello, (void *)&(indexes[i]));
      if (rc){
         cout << "Error:无法创建线程," << rc << endl;
         exit(-1);
      }
   }
   pthread_exit(NULL);}

现在编译并执行程序，将产生下列结果：

$ g++ test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o
$ ./test.o

main() : 创建线程, 0main() : 创建线程, 1main() : 创建线程, 2main() : 创建线程, 3main() : 创建线程, 4Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, 4Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, 3Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, 2Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, 1Hello Runoob! 线程 ID, 0

向线程传递参数

这个实例演示了如何通过结构传递多个参数。您可以在线程回调中传递任意的数据类型，因为它指向 void，如下面的实例所示：

#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS     5struct thread_data{
   int  thread_id;
   char *message;};void *PrintHello(void *threadarg){
   struct thread_data *my_data;
   my_data = (struct thread_data *) threadarg;
   cout << "Thread ID : " << my_data->thread_id ;
   cout << " Message : " << my_data->message << endl;
   pthread_exit(NULL);}int main (){
   pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
   struct thread_data td[NUM_THREADS];
   int rc;
   int i;
   for( i=0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ){
      cout <<"main() : creating thread, " << i << endl;
      td[i].thread_id = i;
      td[i].message = "This is message";
      rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL,
                          PrintHello, (void *)&td[i]);
      if (rc){
         cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << rc << endl;
         exit(-1);
      }
   }
   pthread_exit(NULL);}

当上面的代码被编译和执行时，它会产生下列结果：

$ g++ -Wno-write-strings test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o
$ ./test.o
main() : creating thread, 0main() : creating thread, 1main() : creating thread, 
2main() : creating thread, 3main() : creating thread, 
4Thread ID : 3 Message : This is messageThread ID : 
2 Message : This is messageThread ID : 0 Message : 
This is messageThread ID : 1 Message : This is messageThread

ID : 4 Message : This is message

连接和分离线程

我们可以使用以下两个函数来连接或分离线程：

pthread_join (threadid, status) pthread_detach (threadid)

pthread_join() 子程序阻碍调用程序，直到指定的 threadid 线程终止为止。当创建一个线程时，它的某个属性会定义它是否是可连接的（joinable）或可分离的（detached）。只有创建时定义为可连接的线程才可以被连接。如果线程创建时被定义为可分离的，则它永远也不能被连接。

这个实例演示了如何使用 pthread_join() 函数来等待线程的完成。

#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>#include <unistd.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS     5void *wait(void *t){
   int i;
   long tid;
   tid = (long)t;
   sleep(1);
   cout << "Sleeping in thread " << endl;
   cout << "Thread with id : " << tid << "  ...exiting " << endl;
   pthread_exit(NULL);}int main (){
   int rc;
   int i;
   pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
   pthread_attr_t attr;
   void *status;
   // 初始化并设置线程为可连接的（joinable）
   pthread_attr_init(&attr);
   pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
   for( i=0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ){
      cout << "main() : creating thread, " << i << endl;
      rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, wait, (void *)i );
      if (rc){
         cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << rc << endl;
         exit(-1);
      }
   }
   // 删除属性，并等待其他线程
   pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
   for( i=0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ){
      rc = pthread_join(threads[i], &status);
      if (rc){
         cout << "Error:unable to join," << rc << endl;
         exit(-1);
      }
      cout << "Main: completed thread id :" << i ;
      cout << "  exiting with status :" << status << endl;
   }
   cout << "Main: program exiting." << endl;
   pthread_exit(NULL);}

当上面的代码被编译和执行时，它会产生下列结果：

main() : creating thread, 0main() : 
creating thread, 1main() : creating thread, 2main() : creating thread, 3main() : creating thread, 4Sleeping in thread 
Thread with id : 4  ...exiting 
Sleeping in thread 
Thread with id : 3  ...exiting 
Sleeping in thread 
Thread with id : 2  ...exiting 
Sleeping in thread 
Thread with id : 1  ...exiting 
Sleeping in thread 
Thread with id : 0  ...exiting 
Main: completed thread id :0  
exiting with status :0Main: completed thread id :1  
exiting with status :0Main: completed thread id :2  
exiting with status :0Main: completed thread id :3  
exiting with status :0Main: completed thread id :4  
exiting with status :0Main: program exiting.

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