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The most complete summary of Java generic programming

高洛峰
高洛峰Original
2016-12-19 15:11:491551browse

1 Introduction

Java generic programming was introduced after JDK1.5 version. Generics allow programmers to use type abstractions, often within collections. The following is an example of not using generics:

List myIntList=new LinkedList(); //1  
myIntList.add(newInteger(0)); //2  
Integer x=(Integer)myIntList.iterator().next(); //3

Pay attention to the third line of code, but this is a very uncomfortable point, because the programmer must know that the object type stored in the List is Integer, but when returning the elements in the list , or the type must be cast, why is this? The reason is that the compiler can only ensure that the next() method of the iterator returns an object of type Object. In order to ensure the type safety of the Integer variable, it must be forced to convert.

This kind of conversion is not only confusing, but may also lead to type conversion exception ClassCastException. Runtime exceptions are often difficult to detect. Ensure that the elements in the list are of a specific data type, so that type conversion can be cancelled, reducing the chance of errors. This is also the original intention of generic design. The following is an example of using generics:

Listc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a myIntList=newLinkedListc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a(); //1’  
myIntList.add(newInteger(0)); //2’  
Integerx=myIntList.iterator().next(); //3’

In the first line of code, specify that the object type stored in the List is Integer, so that there is no need to cast the type when obtaining the objects in the list.

2 Define simple generics

The following is a definition quoted from the interface List and Iterator in the java.util package, which uses generic technology.

public interface List1a4db2c2c2313771e5742b6debf617a1 {  
5144dad4cd9c9023410d94caa0f34ebc    54bdf357c58b8a65c66d7c19c8e4d114void add(E x);  
5144dad4cd9c9023410d94caa0f34ebc    54bdf357c58b8a65c66d7c19c8e4d114Iterator1a4db2c2c2313771e5742b6debf617a1 iterator();  
}  
public interface Iterator1a4db2c2c2313771e5742b6debf617a1 {  
5144dad4cd9c9023410d94caa0f34ebc    54bdf357c58b8a65c66d7c19c8e4d114E next();  
5144dad4cd9c9023410d94caa0f34ebc    54bdf357c58b8a65c66d7c19c8e4d114boolean hasNext();  
}

This is no different from the native type, except that an angle bracket is added after the interface, and inside the angle bracket is a type parameter (it is a formatted type parameter when defined, and will be replaced by a specific type when calling type).

It may be thought that Listc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a means that the type parameter E in the List will be replaced with Integer.

public interface IntegerList {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>void add(Integer x)  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>Iterator<Integer> iterator();  
}

Type erasure refers to associating generic type instances to the same bytecode through type parameter merging. The compiler only generates one bytecode for the generic type and associates its instances with this bytecode, so static variables in the generic type are shared by all instances. In addition, it should be noted that a static method cannot access the type parameters of a generic class because the class has not been instantiated. Therefore, if the static method needs to use generic capabilities, it must be made a generic method. The key to type erasure is to clear information about type parameters from generic types, and to add type checking and type conversion methods when necessary. When using generics, any concrete type is erased and the only thing you know is that you are using an object. For example: Listf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4 and Listc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a are actually the same type in operation. They are all erased to their native type, which is List. Because there will be type erasure during compilation, methods cannot be distinguished by instances of the same generic class. For example, an error will occur during compilation in the following example, because after type erasure, both methods are parameters of the List type, so Methods cannot be distinguished based on the type of a generic class.

 public class Erasure{  
            public void test(List<String> ls){  
                System.out.println("Sting");  
            }  
            public void test(List<Integer> li){  
                System.out.println("Integer");  
            }  
  }

So there is a problem. Since the actual type information will be erased in methods and classes during compilation, how do you know the specific type when returning an object? For example, the String information of Listf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4 will be erased after compilation. So when the objects in the List are returned through the iterator at runtime, how do we know that the objects stored in the List are String type objects?中 Remove the type information in the method body, so the problem at runtime is the boundary: that is, the place where the object enters and leave methods, which is exactly the place where the compiler executes the type check and inserts the transition code. All action in generics happens at boundaries: additional compile-time checks are performed on the values ​​passed in, and casts on the values ​​passed out are inserted.

3. Generics and subtypes

In order to fully understand generics, here is an example: (Apple is a subclass of Fruit

List<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>(); //1  
List<Fruit> fruits = apples; //2

第1行代码显然是对的,但是第2行是否对呢?我们知道Fruit fruit = new Apple(),这样肯定是对的,即苹果肯定是水果,但是第2行在编译的时候会出错。这会让人比较纳闷的是一个苹果是水果,为什么一箱苹果就不是一箱水果了呢?可以这样考虑,我们假定第2行代码没有问题,那么我们可以使用语句fruits.add(new Strawberry())(Strawberry为Fruit的子类)在fruits中加入草莓了,但是这样的话,一个List中装入了各种不同类型的子类水果,这显然是不可以的,因为我们在取出List中的水果对象时,就分不清楚到底该转型为苹果还是草莓了。

通常来说,如果Foo是Bar的子类型,G是一种带泛型的类型,则G4ee996100bf04ab273e687539c860625不是Gad40e550a33cb99ea30eede96e03e60e的子类型。这也许是泛型学习里面最让人容易混淆的一点。

 

4.通配符

4.1通配符?

先看一个打印集合中所有元素的代码。

void printCollection(Collection c) {                  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>Iterator i=c.iterator();  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for (k=0;k < c.size();k++) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>System.out.println(i.next());  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}
void printCollection(Collection<Object> c) {  
for (Object e:c) {  
System.out.println(e);  
}  
}

   很容易发现,使用泛型的版本只能接受元素类型为Object类型的集合如ArrayLista87fdacec66f0909fc0757c19f2d2b1d();如果是ArrayListf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4,则会编译时出错。因为我们前面说过,Collectiona87fdacec66f0909fc0757c19f2d2b1d并不是所有集合的超类。而老版本可以打印任何类型的集合,那么如何改造新版本以便它能接受所有类型的集合呢?这个问题可以通过使用通配符来解决。修改后的代码如下所示:

//使用通配符?,表示可以接收任何元素类型的集合作为参数  
void printCollection(Collection<?> c) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for (Object e:c) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>System.out.println(e);  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}

这里使用了通配符?指定可以使用任何类型的集合作为参数。读取的元素使用了Object类型来表示,这是安全的,因为所有的类都是Object的子类。这里就又出现了另外一个问题,如下代码所示,如果试图往使用通配符?的集合中加入对象,就会在编译时出现错误。需要注意的是,这里不管加入什么类型的对象都会出错。这是因为通配符?表示该集合存储的元素类型未知,可以是任何类型。往集合中加入元素需要是一个未知元素类型的子类型,正因为该集合存储的元素类型未知,所以我们没法向该集合中添加任何元素。唯一的例外是null,因为null是所有类型的子类型,所以尽管元素类型不知道,但是null一定是它的子类型。

Collection<?> c=new ArrayList<String>();  
c.add(newObject()); //compile time error,不管加入什么对象都出错,除了null外。  
c.add(null); //OK

另一方面,我们可以从List6b3d0130bba23ae47fe2b8e8cddf0195 lists中获取对象,虽然不知道List中存储的是什么类型,但是可以肯定的是存储的类型一定是Object的子类型,所以可以用Object类型来获取值。如for(Object obj: lists),这是合法的。

4.2边界通配符

   1)?extends通配符

假定有一个画图的应用,可以画各种形状的图形,如矩形和圆形等。为了在程序里面表示,定义如下的类层次:

public abstract class Shape {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>public abstract void draw(Canvas c);  
}  
  
public class Circle extends Shape {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>private int x,y,radius;  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>public void draw(Canvas c) { ... }  
}  
  
public class Rectangle extends Shape  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>private int x,y,width,height;  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>public void draw(Canvasc) { ... }  
}

为了画出集合中所有的形状,我们可以定义一个函数,该函数接受带有泛型的集合类对象作为参数。但是不幸的是,我们只能接收元素类型为Shape的List对象,而不能接收类型为Listbd5f0b6be71dcbe6e9e8a42cca8c5100的对象,这在前面已经说过。为了解决这个问题,所以有了边界通配符的概念。这里可以采用public void drawAll(Listd77674685afc6c34e7798aac36bbe2b7shapes)来满足条件,这样就可以接收元素类型为Shape子类型的列表作为参数了。

//原始版本  
public void drawAll(List<Shape> shapes) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for (Shapes:shapes) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>s.draw(this);  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}
//使用边界通配符的版本  
public void drawAll(List<?exends Shape> shapes) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for (Shapes:shapes) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>s.draw(this);  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}

这里就又有个问题要注意了,如果我们希望在List3713e1cf25733a9d265f2d98a96f6589 shapes中加入一个矩形对象,如下所示:

shapes.add(0, new Rectangle()); //compile-time error

那么这时会出现一个编译时错误,原因在于:我们只知道shapes中的元素时Shape类型的子类型,具体是什么子类型我们并不清楚,所以我们不能往shapes中加入任何类型的对象。不过我们在取出其中对象时,可以使用Shape类型来取值,因为虽然我们不知道列表中的元素类型具体是什么类型,但是我们肯定的是它一定是Shape类的子类型。

 

2)?super通配符

       这里还有一种边界通配符为?super。比如下面的代码:

List<Shape> shapes = new ArrayList<Shape>();  
List<? super Cicle> cicleSupers = shapes;  
cicleSupers.add(new Cicle()); //OK, subclass of Cicle also OK  
cicleSupers.add(new Shape()); //ERROR

       这表示cicleSupers列表存储的元素为Cicle的超类,因此我们可以往其中加入Cicle对象或者Cicle的子类对象,但是不能加入Shape对象。这里的原因在于列表cicleSupers存储的元素类型为Cicle的超类,但是具体是Cicle的什么超类并不清楚。但是我们可以确定的是只要是Cicle或者Circle的子类,则一定是与该元素类别兼容。

 

3)边界通配符总结

437fcc348f7b1c54dc1b8f8cb5743cbcl         04c6c2c265887a55041405a81efec09a如果你想从一个数据类型里获取数据,使用 ? extends 通配符

437fcc348f7b1c54dc1b8f8cb5743cbcl         04c6c2c265887a55041405a81efec09a如果你想把对象写入一个数据结构里,使用 ? super 通配符

437fcc348f7b1c54dc1b8f8cb5743cbcl         04c6c2c265887a55041405a81efec09a如果你既想存,又想取,那就别用通配符。

 

5.泛型方法

考虑实现一个方法,该方法拷贝一个数组中的所有对象到集合中。下面是初始的版本:

static void fromArrayToCollection(Object[]a, Collection<?> c) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for (Object o:a) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>c.add(o); //compile time error  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}

可以看到显然会出现编译错误,原因在之前有讲过,因为集合c中的类型未知,所以不能往其中加入任何的对象(当然,null除外)。解决该问题的一种比较好的办法是使用泛型方法,如下所示:

static <T> void fromArrayToCollection(T[] a, Collection<T>c){  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>for(T o : a) {  
<span style="white-space: pre;">        </span>c.add(o);// correct  
<span style="white-space: pre;">    </span>}  
}

注意泛型方法的格式,类型参数8742468051c85b06f0a0af9e3e506b5c需要放在函数返回值之前。然后在参数和返回值中就可以使用泛型参数了。具体一些调用方法的实例如下:

Object[] oa = new Object[100];  
Collection<Object>co = new ArrayList<Object>();  
fromArrayToCollection(oa, co);// T inferred to be Object  
String[] sa = new String[100];  
Collection<String>cs = new ArrayList<String>();  
fromArrayToCollection(sa, cs);// T inferred to be String  
fromArrayToCollection(sa, co);// T inferred to be Object  
Integer[] ia = new Integer[100];  
Float[] fa = new Float[100];  
Number[] na = new Number[100];  
Collection<Number>cn = new ArrayList<Number>();  
fromArrayToCollection(ia, cn);// T inferred to be Number  
fromArrayToCollection(fa, cn);// T inferred to be Number  
fromArrayToCollection(na, cn);// T inferred to be Number  
fromArrayToCollection(na, co);// T inferred to be Object  
fromArrayToCollection(na, cs);// compile-time error

注意到我们调用方法时并不需要传递类型参数,系统会自动判断类型参数并调用合适的方法。当然在某些情况下需要指定传递类型参数,比如当存在与泛型方法相同的方法的时候(方法参数类型不一致),如下面的一个例子:

public  <T> void go(T t) {  
    System.out.println("generic function");  
}  
public void go(String str) {  
    System.out.println("normal function");  
}  
public static void main(String[] args) {  
        FuncGenric fg = new FuncGenric();  
        fg.go("haha");//打印normal function  
        fg.<String>go("haha");//打印generic function  
        fg.go(new Object());//打印generic function  
        fg.<Object>go(new Object());//打印generic function  
}

如例子中所示,当不指定类型参数时,调用的是普通的方法,如果指定了类型参数,则调用泛型方法。可以这样理解,因为泛型方法编译后类型擦除,如果不指定类型参数,则泛型方法此时相当于是public void go(Object t)。而普通的方法接收参数为String类型,因此以String类型的实参调用函数,肯定会调用形参为String的普通方法了。如果是以Object类型的实参调用函数,则会调用泛型方法。

6.其他需要注意的小点

1)方法重载

在JAVA里面方法重载是不能通过返回值类型来区分的,比如代码一中一个类中定义两个如下的方法是不容许的。但是当参数为泛型类型时,却是可以的。如下面代码二中所示,虽然形参经过类型擦除后都为List类型,但是返回类型不同,这是可以的。

/*代码一:编译时错误*/   
public class Erasure{  
            public void test(int i){  
                System.out.println("Sting");  
            }  
            public int test(int i){  
                System.out.println("Integer");  
            }  
  }
/*代码二:正确 */  
 public class Erasure{  
            public void test(List<String> ls){  
                System.out.println("Sting");  
            }  
            public int test(List<Integer> li){  
                System.out.println("Integer");  
            }  
  }

2)泛型类型是被所有调用共享的

       所有泛型类的实例都共享同一个运行时类,类型参数信息会在编译时被擦除。因此考虑如下代码,虽然ArrayListf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4和ArrayListc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a类型参数不同,但是他们都共享ArrayList类,所以结果会是true。

List<String>l1 = new ArrayList<String>();  
List<Integer>l2 = new ArrayList<Integer>();  
System.out.println(l1.getClass() == l2.getClass()); //True

3)instanceof

不能对确切的泛型类型使用instanceOf操作。如下面的操作是非法的,编译时会出错。

Collection cs = new ArrayList<String>();  
if (cs instanceof Collection<String>){…}// compile error.如果改成instanceof Collection<?>则不会出错。

4)泛型数组问题

不能创建一个确切泛型类型的数组。如下面代码会出错。

Listf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4[] lsa = new ArrayListf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4[10]; //compile error.

       因为如果可以这样,那么考虑如下代码,会导致运行时错误。

List<String>[] lsa = new ArrayList<String>[10]; // 实际上并不允许这样创建数组  
Object o = lsa;  
Object[] oa = (Object[]) o;  
List<Integer>li = new ArrayList<Integer>();  
li.add(new Integer(3));  
oa[1] = li;// unsound, but passes run time store check  
String s = lsa[1].get(0); //run-time error - ClassCastException

       因此只能创建带通配符的泛型数组,如下面例子所示,这回可以通过编译,但是在倒数第二行代码中必须显式的转型才行,即便如此,最后还是会抛出类型转换异常,因为存储在lsa中的是Listc0f559cc8d56b43654fcbe4aa9df7b4a类型的对象,而不是Listf7e83be87db5cd2d9a8a0b8117b38cd4类型。最后一行代码是正确的,类型匹配,不会抛出异常。

ist<?>[] lsa = new List<?>[10]; // ok, array of unbounded wildcard type  
Object o = lsa;  
Object[] oa = (Object[]) o;  
List<Integer>li = new ArrayList<Integer>();  
li.add(new Integer(3));  
oa[1] = li; //correct  
String s = (String) lsa[1].get(0);// run time error, but cast is explicit  
Integer it = (Integer)lsa[1].get(0); // OK



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