


在 PHP中,经常会对用户身份进行认证。本文意在讨论对密码的处理,也就是对密码的加密处理。
MD5
相信很多PHP开发者在最先接触PHP的时候,处理密码的首选加密函数可能就是MD5了,我当时就是这样的:
$password = md5($_POST["password"]);
上面这段代码是不是很熟悉?然而MD5的加密方式目前已经不太安全了,因为它的加密算法实在是显得有点简单了,而且很多破解密码的站点都存放了很多经过MD5加密的密码字符串,所以这里我是非常不提倡还在单单使用MD5来加密用户的密码的。
SHA256 和 SHA512
其实跟前面的MD5同期的还有一个SHA1加密方式的,不过也是算法比较简单,所以这里就不介绍了。而这里即将要说到的SHA256 和 SHA512都是来自于SHA2家族的加密函数,看名字可能你就猜的出来了,这两个加密方式分别生成256和512比特长度的 hash字串。
他们的使用方法如下:
$password = hash("sha256", $password);
PHP内置了hash()函数,你只需要将加密方式传给hash()函数就好了。你可以直接指明sha256, sha512, md5, sha1等加密方式。
盐值
在加密的过程,我们还有一个非常常见的东西:盐值。对,我们在加密的时候其实会给加密的字符串添加一个额外的字符串,以达到提高一定安全的目的,并且盐值要记录下来,方便以后的比对:
function generateHashWithSalt($password) { $intermediateSalt = md5(uniqid(rand(), true)); $salt = substr($intermediateSalt, 0, 6); return hash("sha256", $password . $salt); }
Bcrypt
Bcrypt不失为一种比较不错的加密方式了,但是后面介绍的 Hashing API更好。
function generateHash($password) { if (defined("CRYPT_BLOWFISH") && CRYPT_BLOWFISH) { $salt = '$2y$11$' . substr(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)), 0, 22); return crypt($password, $salt); } }
Bcrypt 其实就是Blowfish和crypt()函数的结合,我们这里通过CRYPT_BLOWFISH判断Blowfish是否可用,然后像上面一样生成一个盐值,不过这里需要注意的是,crypt()的盐值必须以 $2a$ 或者 $2y$ 开头。
Password Hashing API
这里才是我们的重头戏,Password Hashing API是PHP 5.5之后才有的新特性,它主要是提供下面几个函数供我们使用:
password_hash() //对密码加密. password_verify() //验证已经加密的密码,检验其hash字串是否一致. password_needs_rehash() //给密码重新加密. password_get_info() //返回加密算法的名称和一些相关信息.
使用这套 API不仅简单,而且更加安全,这也是 PHP官方推荐的加密方式。
$hash = password_hash($passwod, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
PASSWORD_DEFAULT目前使用的就是Bcrypt加密算法,这里需要注意的是,如果你代码使用的都是PASSWORD_DEFAULT加密方式,那么在数据库的表中,password字段就得设置超过60个字符长度,你也可以使用PASSWORD_BCRYPT算法,该算法加密后的字符串长度总为60。
这里使用 password_hash()你完全可以不提供盐值(salt)和 消耗值 (cost),你可以将后者理解为一种性能的消耗值,cost越大,加密算法越复杂,消耗的内存也就越大。当然,如果你需要指定对应的盐值和消耗值,你可以这样写:
$options = [ 'salt' => custom_function_for_salt(), //自定义函数来获得盐值 'cost' => 12 // the default cost is 10 ]; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options);
不过一般自定义 cost就好了, salt值则使用默认的。
加密好后,只需要简单的使用即可验证密码是否正确
<?php if (password_verify($password, $hash)) { // Pass } else { // Invalid }
直接使用password_verify就可以对我们之前加密过的字符串(存在数据库中)进行验证了。
如果要更换更改加密的方式,则必须使用以下代码来重新加密:
if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12])) { // cost 变为 12 $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12]); // 然后重新保存 hash值 }
只有这样,PHP的 Password Hashing API才会知道我们重现更换了加密方式,这样才能完成之后的密码验证。
password_get_info(),这个函数一般可以看到下面三个信息:
1、algo – 算法实例
2、algoName – 算法名字
3、options – 加密时候的可选参数
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。

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