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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP设计模式之解释器模式的深入解析_php技巧

解释器(Interpreter)模式,它包括一个具有复合类分层结构的文法表现,规则是映射到类,跟随在文法后面的表达式可以被转换成一个抽象的语法树,除了复合模式的实例对象图外,没有别的内容。

树是一个抽象的名词,因为实际上大多数时候它是一个表达式的抽象表现,它忽略了可能有一个字符串,也可能有一个数据结构的具体表达式,(例如,在PHP中,“A”和“x41”是相同抽象字面值的不同具体表现),通过逻辑规则解耦结果,使解释过程大大简化。

解释器不是一个很常见的模式,但对于简单的语法,它添加一个规则就象添加一个类那样容易,但它没有解决从具体表现形式到抽象语法树的转换,这是由其它服务完成的。

解释器模式旨在为一个简单的抽象表达式(AbstractExpression)方法(解释器操作)实现利用复合分层结构,解释器操作的参数通常统称为上下文,对于给定的一个方法,它们通常被计算值代替,或它们对某些操作可能不存在。

同样,当包含一个解释器时,复合模式的叶子和容器参与者名称会不一样,这些名称反映了它们所扮演的角色:终结符(terminal)或非终结符(nonterminal)表达式。

参与者:
◆客户端(Client):使用解释操作。
◆抽象表达式(AbstractExpression):基于一个表达式树抽象。
◆非终结符表达式(NonTerminalExpression):递归地包含其它抽象表达式(AbstractExpression实例)的表达式。
◆终结符表达式(TerminalExpression):不能够进一步简化的表达式。


《设计模式》一书针对这个模式提供了一个扩展示例,我将使用数学表达式替换布尔表达式重新改造了一下,因此这个例子解决了一个数学表达式的展现,它的evaluate( )被分离在一个不同的ConcreteExpression类中。

复制代码 代码如下:

/** 
 * AbstractExpression. All implementations of this interface 
 * are ConcreteExpressions. 
 */
interface MathExpression 

    /** 
     * Calculates the value assumed by the expression. 
     * Note that $values is passed to all expression but it 
     * is used by Variable only. This is required to abstract 
     * away the tree structure. 
     */
    public function evaluate(array $values); 


/** 
 * A terminal expression which is a literal value. 
 */
class Literal implements MathExpression 

    private $_value; 

    public function __construct($value) 
    { 
        $this->_value = $value; 
    } 

    public function evaluate(array $values) 
    { 
        return $this->_value; 
    } 


/** 
 * A terminal expression which represents a variable. 
 */
class Variable implements MathExpression 

    private $_letter; 

    public function __construct($letter) 
    { 
        $this->_letter = $letter; 
    } 

    public function evaluate(array $values) 
    { 
        return $values[$this->_letter]; 
    } 


/** 
 * Nonterminal expression. 
 */
class Sum implements MathExpression 

    private $_a; 
    private $_b; 

    public function __construct(MathExpression $a, MathExpression $b) 
    { 
        $this->_a = $a; 
        $this->_b = $b; 
    } 

    public function evaluate(array $values) 
    { 
        return $this->_a->evaluate($values) + $this->_b->evaluate($values); 
    } 


/** 
 * Nonterminal expression. 
 */
class Product implements MathExpression 

    private $_a; 
    private $_b; 

    public function __construct(MathExpression $a, MathExpression $b) 
    { 
        $this->_a = $a; 
        $this->_b = $b; 
    } 

    public function evaluate(array $values) 
    { 
        return $this->_a->evaluate($values) * $this->_b->evaluate($values); 
    } 


// 10(a + 3) 
$expression = new Product(new Literal(10), new Sum(new Variable('a'), new Literal(3))); 
echo $expression->evaluate(array('a' => 4)), "\n"; 
// adding new rules to the grammar is easy: 
// e.g. Power, Subtraction... 
// thanks to the Composite, manipulation is even simpler: 
// we could add substitute($letter, MathExpression $expr) 
// to the interface...
Statement
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