解释器(Interpreter)模式,它包括一个具有复合类分层结构的文法表现,规则是映射到类,跟随在文法后面的表达式可以被转换成一个抽象的语法树,除了复合模式的实例对象图外,没有别的内容。
树是一个抽象的名词,因为实际上大多数时候它是一个表达式的抽象表现,它忽略了可能有一个字符串,也可能有一个数据结构的具体表达式,(例如,在PHP中,“A”和“x41”是相同抽象字面值的不同具体表现),通过逻辑规则解耦结果,使解释过程大大简化。
解释器不是一个很常见的模式,但对于简单的语法,它添加一个规则就象添加一个类那样容易,但它没有解决从具体表现形式到抽象语法树的转换,这是由其它服务完成的。
解释器模式旨在为一个简单的抽象表达式(AbstractExpression)方法(解释器操作)实现利用复合分层结构,解释器操作的参数通常统称为上下文,对于给定的一个方法,它们通常被计算值代替,或它们对某些操作可能不存在。
同样,当包含一个解释器时,复合模式的叶子和容器参与者名称会不一样,这些名称反映了它们所扮演的角色:终结符(terminal)或非终结符(nonterminal)表达式。
参与者:
◆客户端(Client):使用解释操作。
◆抽象表达式(AbstractExpression):基于一个表达式树抽象。
◆非终结符表达式(NonTerminalExpression):递归地包含其它抽象表达式(AbstractExpression实例)的表达式。
◆终结符表达式(TerminalExpression):不能够进一步简化的表达式。
《设计模式》一书针对这个模式提供了一个扩展示例,我将使用数学表达式替换布尔表达式重新改造了一下,因此这个例子解决了一个数学表达式的展现,它的evaluate( )被分离在一个不同的ConcreteExpression类中。
/**
* AbstractExpression. All implementations of this interface
* are ConcreteExpressions.
*/
interface MathExpression
{
/**
* Calculates the value assumed by the expression.
* Note that $values is passed to all expression but it
* is used by Variable only. This is required to abstract
* away the tree structure.
*/
public function evaluate(array $values);
}
/**
* A terminal expression which is a literal value.
*/
class Literal implements MathExpression
{
private $_value;
public function __construct($value)
{
$this->_value = $value;
}
public function evaluate(array $values)
{
return $this->_value;
}
}
/**
* A terminal expression which represents a variable.
*/
class Variable implements MathExpression
{
private $_letter;
public function __construct($letter)
{
$this->_letter = $letter;
}
public function evaluate(array $values)
{
return $values[$this->_letter];
}
}
/**
* Nonterminal expression.
*/
class Sum implements MathExpression
{
private $_a;
private $_b;
public function __construct(MathExpression $a, MathExpression $b)
{
$this->_a = $a;
$this->_b = $b;
}
public function evaluate(array $values)
{
return $this->_a->evaluate($values) + $this->_b->evaluate($values);
}
}
/**
* Nonterminal expression.
*/
class Product implements MathExpression
{
private $_a;
private $_b;
public function __construct(MathExpression $a, MathExpression $b)
{
$this->_a = $a;
$this->_b = $b;
}
public function evaluate(array $values)
{
return $this->_a->evaluate($values) * $this->_b->evaluate($values);
}
}
// 10(a + 3)
$expression = new Product(new Literal(10), new Sum(new Variable('a'), new Literal(3)));
echo $expression->evaluate(array('a' => 4)), "\n";
// adding new rules to the grammar is easy:
// e.g. Power, Subtraction...
// thanks to the Composite, manipulation is even simpler:
// we could add substitute($letter, MathExpression $expr)
// to the interface...

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