上次说到了refcount和is_ref,这里来说说内存泄露的情况
$a = array(1, 2, &$a);
unset($a);
在老的PHP版本中,这里就会出现内存泄露,分析如下:
执行第一行,可以知道$a和$a[2]指向的zval refcount=2,is_ref=1
然后执行第二行,$a将会从符号表中被删除,同时指向的zval的refcount--,此时refcount=1,因为refcount!=0,故此zval不会被当做垃圾回收,但是此时我们却失去了$a[2]指向这个zval的入口,因此这个zval成了一块内存垃圾
同样的道理可以发生在类内部引用里,例如
$a = new Man();
$a->self = &$a;
unset($a);
那么如何解决这种问题呢,新的GC机制采用了一个算法来解决这个问题
PHP有一个root buffer用来存储zval的节点信息,当root buffer满了或者手动调用gc函数时,GC算法启动
对于一个数组或者类类型的zval而言,在垃圾回收机制启动时,算法会对该zval的数组/类内部的元素/成员的zval进行一次遍历并将refcount减1,如果说遍历完成后该zval的refcount被减为0,则说明这个zval是一个内存垃圾,他将被销毁,见下面的例子
$a = array(1, 2, &$a, &$a);
unset($a);
容易知道$a指向的zval,假设为z1的refcount=3,is_ref=1
当unset($a)执行的时候,$a就已经从符号表中删去,同时我们也失去了访问z1的入口,此时z1 refcount=2,is_ref=1
当GC启动时,会对该z1的数组元素的zval的refcount进行遍历减1,遍历到a[2]时,z1 refcount--, a[3]时 z1 refcount--,此时z1 refcount = 0,即可将z1标记为内存垃圾,算法后将其回收
总结来说可以这么表述:若一个数组类型的zval,对他的元素zval进行一次遍历,同时将遍历到的zval的refcount--,如果最后refcount=0的zval,就是垃圾,需要被回收

PHP is a server-side scripting language used for dynamic web development and server-side applications. 1.PHP is an interpreted language that does not require compilation and is suitable for rapid development. 2. PHP code is embedded in HTML, making it easy to develop web pages. 3. PHP processes server-side logic, generates HTML output, and supports user interaction and data processing. 4. PHP can interact with the database, process form submission, and execute server-side tasks.

PHP has shaped the network over the past few decades and will continue to play an important role in web development. 1) PHP originated in 1994 and has become the first choice for developers due to its ease of use and seamless integration with MySQL. 2) Its core functions include generating dynamic content and integrating with the database, allowing the website to be updated in real time and displayed in personalized manner. 3) The wide application and ecosystem of PHP have driven its long-term impact, but it also faces version updates and security challenges. 4) Performance improvements in recent years, such as the release of PHP7, enable it to compete with modern languages. 5) In the future, PHP needs to deal with new challenges such as containerization and microservices, but its flexibility and active community make it adaptable.

The core benefits of PHP include ease of learning, strong web development support, rich libraries and frameworks, high performance and scalability, cross-platform compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. 1) Easy to learn and use, suitable for beginners; 2) Good integration with web servers and supports multiple databases; 3) Have powerful frameworks such as Laravel; 4) High performance can be achieved through optimization; 5) Support multiple operating systems; 6) Open source to reduce development costs.

PHP is not dead. 1) The PHP community actively solves performance and security issues, and PHP7.x improves performance. 2) PHP is suitable for modern web development and is widely used in large websites. 3) PHP is easy to learn and the server performs well, but the type system is not as strict as static languages. 4) PHP is still important in the fields of content management and e-commerce, and the ecosystem continues to evolve. 5) Optimize performance through OPcache and APC, and use OOP and design patterns to improve code quality.

PHP and Python have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the project requirements. 1) PHP is suitable for web development, easy to learn, rich community resources, but the syntax is not modern enough, and performance and security need to be paid attention to. 2) Python is suitable for data science and machine learning, with concise syntax and easy to learn, but there are bottlenecks in execution speed and memory management.

PHP is used to build dynamic websites, and its core functions include: 1. Generate dynamic content and generate web pages in real time by connecting with the database; 2. Process user interaction and form submissions, verify inputs and respond to operations; 3. Manage sessions and user authentication to provide a personalized experience; 4. Optimize performance and follow best practices to improve website efficiency and security.

PHP uses MySQLi and PDO extensions to interact in database operations and server-side logic processing, and processes server-side logic through functions such as session management. 1) Use MySQLi or PDO to connect to the database and execute SQL queries. 2) Handle HTTP requests and user status through session management and other functions. 3) Use transactions to ensure the atomicity of database operations. 4) Prevent SQL injection, use exception handling and closing connections for debugging. 5) Optimize performance through indexing and cache, write highly readable code and perform error handling.

Using preprocessing statements and PDO in PHP can effectively prevent SQL injection attacks. 1) Use PDO to connect to the database and set the error mode. 2) Create preprocessing statements through the prepare method and pass data using placeholders and execute methods. 3) Process query results and ensure the security and performance of the code.


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