Application Unable to Start Parallel Incorrect Configuration Security of PHP Applications -- Four Security Rules That Cannot Be Violated

Everyone knows security is important, but the trend in the industry is to not add security until the last minute. Since it's impossible to completely secure a web application, why bother at all, right? wrong. Just taking a few simple steps can greatly improve the security of your PHP web application.
Before you begin
In this tutorial, you will learn how to add security to your own PHP web application. This tutorial assumes you have at least one year of experience writing PHP web applications, so basic knowledge of the PHP language (conventions or syntax) is not covered here. The goal is to give you an idea of ​​how to secure the web applications you build.
Goal
This tutorial explains how to protect against the most common security threats: SQL injection, manipulation of GET and POST variables, buffer overflow attacks, cross-site scripting attacks, in-browser data manipulation, and remote form submission.
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written for PHP developers with at least one year of programming experience. You should understand PHP's syntax and conventions; these are not explained here. Developers with experience using other languages ​​(such as Ruby, Python, and Perl) will also benefit from this tutorial, as many of the rules discussed here are applicable to other languages ​​and environments.
System Requirements
Requires an environment running PHP V4 or V5 and MySQL. You can use Linux, OS X or Microsoft Windows. If you are on Windows, then download the WAMPServer binary and install Apache, MySQL, and PHP on your machine.
Quick Introduction to Security
What is the most important part of a web application? Depending on who answers the question, the answer to this question may vary. Business people need reliability and scalability. IT support teams need robust and maintainable code. End users require beautiful user interfaces and high performance in performing tasks. However, if the answer is "security", then everyone will agree that this is important for web applications.
However, most discussions stop here. Although security is on the project checklist, often it is not addressed until the project is delivered. The number of web application projects that take this approach is staggering. Developers worked for months, adding security features only at the end to make the web application available to the public.
The result is often a mess, or even a need for rework, because the code has been inspected, unit tested, and integrated into a larger framework before security features were added to it. After adding security, major components may stop working. The integration of security adds an extra burden or step to an otherwise smooth (but unsafe) process.
This tutorial provides a great way to integrate security into your PHP web application. It discusses several general security topics and then dives into major security vulnerabilities and how to plug them. After completing this tutorial, you will have a better understanding of security.
Topics include:
SQL injection attacks
Manipulating GET strings
Buffer overflow attacks
Cross-site scripting attacks (XSS)
In-browser data manipulation
Remote form submission
Web Security 101
Discussing the details of implementing security Beforehand, it's best to discuss web application security from a high-level perspective. This section introduces some basic tenets of security philosophy that should be kept in mind no matter what kind of web application you are creating. Some of these ideas come from Chris Shiflett (whose book on PHP security is an invaluable treasure trove), some from Simson Garfinkel (see Related topics), and some from years of accumulated knowledge.
Rule 1: Never trust external data or input
The first thing you must realize about web application security is that external data should not be trusted. External data includes any data that is not entered directly by the programmer in the PHP code. Any data from any other source (such as GET variables, form POST, databases, configuration files, session variables, or cookies) cannot be trusted until steps are taken to ensure security.
For example, the following data elements can be considered safe because they are set in PHP.
Listing 1. Safe and flawless code
$myUsername = 'tmyer';
$arrayUsers = array('tmyer', 'tom', 'tommy');
define("GREETING", 'hello there ' . $myUsername);
?>
However, the following data elements are all flawed.
Listing 2. Unsafe, flawed code
$myUsername = $_POST['username']; //tainted!
$arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy'); //tainted!
define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); //tainted!
?>
Why is the first variable $myUsername defective? Because it comes directly from the form POST. Users can enter any string into this input field, including malicious commands to clean files or run previously uploaded files. You might ask, "Can't you avoid this danger by using a client-side (JavaScript) form validation script that only accepts the letters A-Z?" Yes, this is always a beneficial step, but as we'll see later , anyone can download any form to their machine, modify it, and resubmit whatever they need.
The solution is simple: the sanitization code must be run on $_POST['username'] . If you don't do this, you could pollute these objects any other time you use $myUsername (such as in an array or constant).
A simple way to sanitize user input is to use regular expressions to process it. In this example, only letters are expected to be accepted. It might also be a good idea to limit the string to a specific number of characters, or require all letters to be lowercase.
List 3. Making user input safe
$myUsername = cleanInput($_POST['username']); //clean!
$arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy' ); //clean!
define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); //clean!
function cleanInput($input){
$clean = strtolower($input);
$clean = preg_replace( "/[^a-z]/", "", $clean);
$clean = substr($clean,0,12);
return $clean;
}
?>
Rule 2: Disable those that make security Difficult PHP Setup
Now that you know you can’t trust user input, you should also know that you shouldn’t trust the way PHP is configured on your machine. For example, make sure register_globals is disabled. If register_globals is enabled, it's possible to do careless things like use $variable to replace GET or POST strings of the same name. By disabling this setting, PHP forces you to reference the correct variables in the correct namespace. To use variables from form POST, $_POST['variable'] should be quoted. This way you won't misinterpret this particular variable as a cookie, session, or GET variable.
The second setting to check is the error reporting level. During development, you want to get as many error reports as possible, but when you deliver the project, you want the errors to be logged to a log file rather than displayed on the screen. why? Because malicious hackers can use error reporting information (such as SQL errors) to guess what the application is doing. This kind of reconnaissance can help hackers breach the application. To close this vulnerability, edit the php.ini file to provide a suitable destination for the error_log entries and set display_errors to Off.
Rule 3: If you can’t understand it, you can’t protect it
Some developers use strange syntax, or organize statements very compactly, forming short but ambiguous code. This approach may be efficient, but if you don't understand what the code is doing, you can't decide how to protect it.
For example, which of the following two pieces of code do you like?
List 4. Make the code easy to protect
//obfuscated code
$input = (isset($_POST['username']) ? $_POST['username']:'');
// unobfuscated code
$input = '';
if (isset($_POST['username'])){
$input = $_POST['username'];
}else{
$input = '';
}
?>
In the second clearer code snippet, it's easy to see that $input is flawed and needs to be cleaned up before it can be safely processed.
Rule 4: “Defense in depth” is the new magic weapon
This tutorial will use examples to illustrate how to protect online forms, while taking the necessary measures in the PHP code that processes the form. Likewise, even if you use PHP regex to ensure that GET variables are entirely numeric, you can still take steps to ensure that SQL queries use escaped user input.
Defense in depth isn’t just a good idea, it ensures you don’t get into serious trouble.
Now that the basic rules have been discussed, let’s look at the first threat: SQL injection attacks.
Prevent SQL Injection Attacks
In a SQL injection attack, the user adds information to a database query by manipulating a form or GET query string. For example, assume you have a simple login database. Each record in this database has a username field and a password field. Build a login form to allow users to log in.
List 5. Simple login form

Username

Password

< /p>

This form Accepts username and password input from the user and submits the user input to a file named verify.php . In this file, PHP handles the data from the login form as shown below:
Listing 6. Insecure PHP form handling code
$okay = 0;
$username = $_POST['user'] ;
$pw = $_POST['pw'];
$sql = "select count(*) as ctr from users where username='".$username."' and password='". $pw."' limit 1";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
while ($data = mysql_fetch_object($result)){
if ($data->ctr == 1){
//they're okay to enter the application!
        $okay = 1;
    }
}
if ($okay){
    $_SESSION['loginokay'] = true;
    header("index.php");
}else{
    header("login. php");
}
?>
This code looks fine, right? Hundreds (if not thousands) of PHP/MySQL sites around the world use code like this. What's wrong with it? Well, remember "cannot trust user input".No information from the user is escaped here, thus leaving the application vulnerable. Specifically, any type of SQL injection attack may occur.
For example, if the user enters foo as the username and ' or '1'='1 as the password, the following string will actually be passed to PHP, which will then pass the query to MySQL:
$sql = "select count(*) as ctr from users where username='foo' and password='' or '1'='1' limit 1";
?>
This query always returns the count value 1, so PHP Access will be allowed. By injecting some malicious SQL at the end of the password string, a hacker can impersonate a legitimate user.
The solution to this problem is to use PHP's built-in mysql_real_escape_string() function as a wrapper around any user input. This function escapes characters in a string, making it impossible to pass special characters such as apostrophes in the string and allowing MySQL to operate on special characters. Listing 7 shows the escaped code.
List 7. Secure PHP form processing code
$okay = 0;
$username = $_POST['user'];
$pw = $_POST['pw'];
$sql = " select count(*) as ctr from users where username='".mysql_real_escape_string($username)."' and password='". mysql_real_escape_string($pw)."' limit 1";
$result = mysql_query($sql) ;
while ($data = mysql_fetch_object($result)){
if ($data->ctr == 1){
//they're okay to enter the application!
$okay = 1;
}
}
if ($okay){
$_SESSION['loginokay'] = true;
header("index.php");
}else{
header("login.php");
}
?>
Use mysql_real_escape_string() acts as a wrapper around user input to avoid any malicious SQL injection in user input. If a user attempts to pass a malformed password via SQL injection, the following query will be passed to the database:
select count(*) as ctr from users where username='foo' and password='' or '1'='1' limit 1"
There is nothing in the database that matches such a password. Just taking one simple step closed a big hole in web applications. The lesson here is that user input for SQL queries should always be Escape.
However, there are a few security holes that need to be blocked. The next item is to prevent users from manipulating GET variables
In the previous section, we prevented users from logging in with malformed passwords. Be smart and should apply what you learned to ensure that all user input to SQL statements is escaped.
However, just because the user is now safely logged in, does not mean that the user will behave according to the rules - — There are many opportunities for it to cause damage. For example, the application may allow users to view special content. All links point to the location after the question mark in template.php?pid=321. is the query string. Because the query string is placed directly in the URL, it is also called the GET query string. In PHP, if register_globals is disabled, you can use $_GET['pid'] to access this string. In the template.php page, operations similar to Listing 8 may be performed.
Listing 8. Example template.php
$pid = $_GET['pid'];
//we create an object of a fictional class Page
$obj = new Page;
$content = $obj->fetchPage($pid);
//and now we have a batch of PHP that displays the page
?>
Is there anything wrong here? ? First, the GET variable pid from the browser is implicitly trusted. What happens? Most users are not that smart to construct a semantic attack, however, if they notice the browser's URL location field. If you set pid=33, you may start causing trouble.If they put in another number, then it's probably fine; but if they put in something else, like typing in an SQL command or the name of a file (like /etc/passwd), or doing some other mischief like typing in 3,000 characters value, what happens?
In this case, remember the basic rule, don't trust user input. Application developers know that personal identifiers (PIDs) accepted by template.php should be numeric, so they can use PHP's is_numeric() function to ensure that non-numeric PIDs are not accepted, as shown below:
Listing 9. Use is_numeric() to Limit GET variables
$pid = $_GET['pid'];
if (is_numeric($pid)){
//we create an object of a fictional class Page
$obj = new Page;
$content = $obj->fetchPage($pid);
//and now we have a batch of PHP that displays the page
}else{
//didn't pass the is_numeric() test, do something else!
}
?>
This method seems to be valid, but the following inputs can easily pass the is_numeric() check:
100 (valid)
100.1 (should not have decimal places)
+0123.45e6 (scientific notation) French - not good)
0xff33669f (hex - Danger! Danger!)
So, what should security-conscious PHP developers do? Years of experience have shown that best practice is to use regular expressions to ensure that the entire GET variable consists of numbers, as shown below:
Listing 10. Using regular expressions to restrict GET variables
$pid = $_GET[ 'pid'];
if (strlen($pid)){
if (!ereg("^[0-9]+$",$pid)){
//do something appropriate, like maybe logging them out or sending them back to home page
}
}else{
//empty $pid, so send them back to the home page
}
//we create an object of a fictional class Page, which is now
//moderately protected from evil user input
$obj = new Page;
$content = $obj->fetchPage($pid);
//and now we have a bunch of PHP that displays the page
?>
All that needs to be done is Use strlen() to check whether the length of the variable is non-zero; if so, use an all-numeric regular expression to ensure that the data element is valid. If the PID contains letters, slashes, periods, or anything resembling hexadecimal, then this routine captures it and blocks the page from user activity. If you look behind the scenes of the Page class, you'll see that security-conscious PHP developers have escaped the user input $pid , thus protecting the fetchPage() method, as shown below:
Listing 11. For fetchPage( ) method to escape
class Page{
function fetchPage($pid){
$sql = "select pid,title,desc,kw,content,status from page where pid='".mysql_real_escape_string($ pid)."'";
}
}
?>
You may ask, "Since we have ensured that PID is a number, why do we need to escape it?" Because I don't know how many different contexts and situations it will be Use the fetchPage() method. Protection must be provided everywhere where this method is called, and escaping in the method embodies the meaning of defense in depth.
What will happen if the user tries to enter a very long value, such as up to 1000 characters, and attempts to launch a buffer overflow attack? The next section discusses this in more detail, but for now you can add another check to ensure that the input PID is of the correct length. You know that the maximum length of the database's pid field is 5 digits, so you can add the following check.
Listing 12. Using regular expressions and length checks to limit GET variables
$pid = $_GET['pid'];
if (strlen($pid)){
if (!ereg("^ [0-9]+$ ", $ Pid) && Strlen ($ pid) & gt; 5) {
// Do Something Appropriate, Like Maybe Logging them Out or Sending Them Back to Page} {{/ /empty $pid, so send them back to the home page
}
//we create an object of a fictional class Page, which is now
//even more protected from evil user input
$obj = new Page; $ content = $obj->fetchPage($pid);
//and now we have a batch of PHP that displays the page
?>
Now, no one can cram a 5,000-bit database into a database application Numeric values ​​- at least not where GET strings are involved. Just imagine the hackers gnashing their teeth when they are frustrated in their attempts to break into your application! And because error reporting is turned off, it's harder for hackers to conduct reconnaissance.
Buffer Overflow Attack
Buffer Overflow Attack attempts to overflow a memory allocation buffer in a PHP application (or, more precisely, in Apache or the underlying operating system). Keep in mind that you may be writing your web application in a high-level language like PHP, but you still end up calling C (in the case of Apache). Like most low-level languages, C has strict rules for memory allocation.
Buffer overflow attack sends a large amount of data to the buffer, causing part of the data to overflow into adjacent memory buffers, thereby destroying the buffer or rewriting the logic. This can cause a denial of service, corrupt data, or execute malicious code on the remote server.
The only way to prevent buffer overflow attacks is to check the length of all user input. For example, if there is a form element that requires the user's name, then add a maxlength attribute with a value of 40 on this field and check it using substr() on the backend. Listing 13 gives a brief example of the form and PHP code.
Listing 13. Check the length of user input
if ($_POST['submit'] == "go"){
$name = substr($_POST['name'],0,40);
}
?>

Name

< ;input type="submit" name="submit" value="go"/>

Why not only provide the maxlength attribute, but also perform a substr() check on the backend? Because defense in depth is always good. The browser prevents users from entering very long strings that PHP or MySQL cannot safely handle (imagine someone trying to enter a name up to 1,000 characters long), while backend PHP checks ensure that no one is manipulating form data remotely or in the browser .
As you can see, this approach is similar to using strlen() to check the length of the GET variable pid in the previous section.In this example, any input value longer than 5 digits is ignored, but the value can easily be truncated to an appropriate length, as shown below:
Listing 14. Changing the length of the input GET variable
$pid = $_GET['pid'];
if (strlen($pid)){
if (!ereg("^[0-9]+$",$pid)){
//if non numeric $pid, send them back to home page
}
}else{
//empty $pid, so send them back to the home page
}
//we have a numeric pid, but it may be too long, so let's check
if (strlen($pid)>5){
$pid = substr($pid,0,5);
}
//we create an object of a fictional class Page, which is now
//even more protected from evil user input
$obj = new Page;
$content = $obj->fetchPage($pid);
//and now we have a batch of PHP that displays the page
?>
Note, Buffer overflow attacks are not limited to long strings of numbers or letters. You may also see long hexadecimal strings (often looking like xA3 or xFF). Remember, the goal of any buffer overflow attack is to flood a specific buffer and place malicious code or instructions into the next buffer, thereby corrupting data or executing malicious code. The simplest way to deal with hex buffer overflow is to not allow input to exceed a certain length.
If you are dealing with a form text area that allows longer entries in the database, there is no way to easily limit the length of the data on the client side. After the data arrives in PHP, you can use regular expressions to clear out any hex-like strings.
Listing 15. Preventing hex strings
if ($_POST['submit'] == "go"){
$name = substr($_POST['name'],0,40 );
//clean out any potential hexadecimal characters
$name = cleanHex($name);
//continue processing....
}
function cleanHex($input){
$clean = preg_replace("![] [xX]([A-Fa-f0-9]{1,3})!", "",$input);
return $clean;
}
?>

Name

You may find that this series of operations is a bit too strict. After all, hexadecimal strings have legitimate uses, such as printing characters in a foreign language. How you deploy your hex regex is up to you. A better strategy is to only remove hex strings when there are too many hex strings in a line, or when the string exceeds a certain number of characters (such as 128 or 255).
Cross-site scripting attacks
In a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack, there is often a malicious user entering information into a form (or through other user input methods) that inserts malicious client-side tags into a process or database. For example, suppose you have a simple guest book program on your site that allows visitors to leave their name, email address, and a brief message. A malicious user could use this opportunity to insert something other than a brief message, such as an image that is inappropriate for other users or JavaScript that redirects the user to another site, or steals cookie information.
Fortunately, PHP provides the strip_tags() function, which can remove any content surrounded by HTML tags. The strip_tags() function also allows providing a list of allowed tags, such as or .
Listing 16 gives an example that builds on the previous example.
Listing 16. Clearing HTML tags from user input
if ($_POST['submit'] == "go"){
//strip_tags
$name = strip_tags($_POST['name'] );
$name = substr($name,0,40);
//clean out any potential hexadecimal characters
$name = cleanHex($name);
//continue processing....
}
function cleanHex( $input){
$clean = preg_replace("![][xX]([A-Fa-f0-9]{1,3})!", "",$input);
return $clean;
}
?>

Name

From a security perspective, using strip_tags() for public user input is necessary. If the form is in a protected area (such as a content management system) and you trust users to perform their tasks correctly (such as creating HTML content for a website), then using strip_tags() may be unnecessary and affect productivity .
One more question: If you want to accept user input, such as comments on posts or guest registration items, and need to display this input to other users, then you must put the response in PHP's htmlspecialchars() function. This function converts the ampersand, < and > symbols into HTML entities. For example, the ampersand (&) becomes &. In this case, even if the malicious content escapes the front-end strip_tags() processing, it will be processed by htmlspecialchars() on the back-end.
In-browser data manipulation
There is a type of browser plug-in that allows users to tamper with header elements and form elements on the page. Using Tamper Data, a Mozilla plugin, it's easy to manipulate simple forms with many hidden text fields to send commands to PHP and MySQL.
Before the user clicks Submit on the form, he can start Tamper Data. When submitting the form, he will see a list of form data fields. Tamper Data allows the user to tamper with this data before the browser completes the form submission.
Let’s go back to the example we built earlier. String length has been checked, HTML tags cleaned, and hexadecimal characters removed. However, some hidden text fields are added, as shown below:
Listing 17. Hidden variables
if ($_POST['submit'] == "go"){
//strip_tags
$name = strip_tags($_POST['name']);
$name = substr($name,0,40);
//clean out any potential hexadecimal characters
$name = cleanHex($name);
//continue processing. ...
}
function cleanHex($input){
$clean = preg_replace("![][xX]([A-Fa-f0-9]{1,3})!", "",$input
;label for="name">Name

< ;/form>
Note that one of the hidden variables exposes the table name: users. You will also see an action field with the value create . Anyone with basic SQL experience can tell that these commands probably control a SQL engine in the middleware. Someone who wants to wreak havoc can just change the table name or provide another option, such as delete.
Figure 1 illustrates the scope of damage that Tamper Data can provide. Note that Tamper Data allows users to access not only form data elements, but also HTTP headers and cookies.
Figure 1. Tamper Data window
The easiest way to defend against this tool is to assume that any user could potentially use Tamper Data (or a similar tool). Provide only the minimum amount of information the system needs to process the form and submit the form to some dedicated logic. For example, the registration form should only be submitted to the registration logic.
What if you have built a common form processing function and many pages use this common logic? What if you use hidden variables to control flow? For example, you might specify in a hidden form variable which database table to write to or which file repository to use. There are 4 options:
Don’t change anything and pray that there aren’t any malicious users on the system.
Rewrite function to use safer dedicated form processing functions to avoid using hidden form variables.
Use md5() or other encryption mechanisms to encrypt table names or other sensitive information in hidden form variables. Don't forget to decrypt them on the PHP side.
Make the meaning of values ​​ambiguous by using abbreviations or nicknames, and then convert these values ​​​​in PHP form processing functions. For example, if you want to reference the users table, you can reference it with u or any string (such as u8y90x0jkL).
The latter two options are not perfect, but they are much better than having the user easily guess the middleware logic or data model.
What questions are left now? Remote form submission.
Remote form submission
The advantage of Web is that it can share information and services. The downside is sharing information and services because some people do things without any scruples.
Take a form as an example. Anyone can visit a Web site and create a local copy of the form using File > Save As on the browser. He can then modify the action parameter to point to a fully qualified URL (not to formHandler.php, but to http://www.yoursite.com/formHandler.php since the form is on this site) and do what he wants For any modification, click Submit, and the server will receive this form data as a legal communication stream.
First of all, you may consider checking $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] to determine whether the request comes from your own server. This method can block most malicious users, but it cannot block the most sophisticated hackers. These people are smart enough to tamper with the referrer information in the header to make the remote copy of the form look like it was submitted from your server.
A better way to handle remote form submission is to generate a token based on a unique string or timestamp and put this token in the session variable and the form. After submitting the form, check if the two tokens match. If it doesn't match, you know someone is trying to send data from a remote copy of the form.
To create a random token, you can use PHP's built-in md5(), uniqid() and rand() functions, as shown below:
Listing 18. Defending against remote form submission
session_start();
if ($_POST['submit'] == "go"){
//check token
if ($_POST['token'] == $_SESSION['token']){
//strip_tags
$name = strip_tags ($ _Post ['name']);
$ name = substr ($ name, 0,40);
// Clean Out Any Potential HexadeCimal Character
$ name = CLEANHEX ($ Name); UE Processing .. ..
                                                                                                                                                                                    .
function cleanHex($input){
$clean = preg_replace("![][xX]([A-Fa-f0-9]{1,3})!", "",$input);
return $ clean;
}
?>

Name

This technique works because session data cannot be migrated between servers in PHP.Even if someone obtains your PHP source code, moves it to their own server, and submits information to your server, all your server will receive is an empty or malformed session token and the originally provided form token. They don't match and the remote form submission fails.
Conclusion
This tutorial discussed many issues:
Use mysql_real_escape_string() to prevent SQL injection issues.
Use regular expressions and strlen() to ensure that GET data has not been tampered with.
Use regular expressions and strlen() to ensure that user-submitted data does not overflow the memory buffer.
Use strip_tags() and htmlspecialchars() to prevent users from submitting potentially harmful HTML tags.
Prevent the system from being breached by tools like Tamper Data.
Use a unique token to prevent users from submitting forms to the server remotely.
This tutorial does not cover more advanced topics such as file injection, HTTP header spoofing, and other vulnerabilities. However, what you learn can help you add enough security right away to make your current project safer.
References
Learn
Find useful PHP 101 tutorials on Zend.com.
Get a copy of Chris Shiflett’s Essential PHP Security. The introduction he gives is much more in-depth than this tutorial.
Get a copy of Simson Garfinkel’s Web Security, Privacy & Commerce.
Learn more about the PHP Security Consortium.
Read “Top 7 PHP Security Blunders”.
Check out developerWorks’ “Recommended PHP Reading List”.
Read the developerWorks article "Audit PHP, Part 1: Understanding register_globals".
Check out the PHP Security HOWTO webcast.
Visit IBM developerWorks’ PHP project reference to learn more about PHP.
Stay tuned to developerWorks technical events and webcasts.
Learn about upcoming conferences, insider previews, webcasts and other events for IBM open source developers around the world.
Visit developerWorks’ open source zone, which contains a wealth of how-to information, tools, and project updates to help you develop with open source technologies and use them in IBM products.
To hear interesting interviews and discussions between software developers, be sure to check out developerWorks podcasts.
Get products and technology
Windows users can download WAMPServer.
Build your next development project with PHP.
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About the author
Thomas Myer is the founder and principal figure of Triple Dog Dare Media, a Web consulting company located in Austin, Texas, specializing in information architecture, Web application development, and XML consulting. He is the author of No Nonsense XML Web Development with PHP (published by SitePoint).

The above introduces the application that cannot be started and the parallel configuration is incorrect. The security of PHP applications-the four security rules that cannot be violated, including the application that cannot be started and the parallel configuration is incorrect. I hope friends who are interested in PHP tutorials can learn from it. help.