Analogy of the two main functions of regular expressions in POSIX style and compatible Perl style (preg_match, preg_replace,_PHP tutorial

First, let’s take a look at the two main functions of POSIX-style regular expressions:

ereg function: (regular expression matching)

Format: int ereg ( string pattern, string string [, array ®s ] )
Note: The preg_match() function using Perl-compatible regular expression syntax is often a faster alternative to ereg(). (Generally speaking, it is better to use preg_match(), which is better~~)

Find the substring in string that matches the given regular expression pattern in a case-sensitive manner. If a substring is found that matches a subpattern enclosed in parentheses in pattern and the function call is given a third argument, regs, the match will be stored in the regs array. $regs[1] contains the substring starting with the first left parenthesis, $regs[2] contains the second substring, and so on. $regs[0] contains the entire matched string.

Return value: If a match of the pattern pattern is found in string, the length of the matched string is returned. If no match is found or an error occurs, FALSE is returned. If the optional parameter regs is not passed in or the length of the matched string is 0, this function returns 1.

Let’s take a look at an example of the ereg() function:

The following code snippet accepts a date in ISO format (YYYY-MM-DD) and displays it in DD.MM.YYYY format:

Copy code The code is as follows:

if (ereg ("([0-9]{4} )-([0-9]{1,2})-([0-9]{1,2})", $date, $regs)) {
echo "$regs[3].$regs [2].$regs[1]";
} else {
echo "Invalid date format: $date";
}
?>

- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
ereg_replace function: (regular expression replacement)

Format: string ereg_replace (string pattern, string replacement, string string)
Function description:
This function scans the part matching pattern in string and replaces it with replacement.
Returns the replaced string. (If there is no match for replacement, the original string will be returned.)
If pattern contains substrings in brackets, replacement can contain substrings of the form \digit, and these substrings will be replaced with numbers. represents the substring within the parentheses; \0 contains the entire content of the string. Up to nine substrings can be used. Parentheses can be nested, in which case the left parenthesis is used to calculate the order.
If no match is found in string, string will be returned unchanged.
Let’s take a look at this function example:
1. The following code snippet outputs "This was a test" three times:

Copy code Code As follows:

$string = "This is a test";
echo str_replace(" is", " was", $string);
echo ereg_replace("( )is", "\1was", $string);
echo ereg_replace("(( )is)", "\2was", $string);
?>

One thing to note is that if you use an integer value in the replacement parameter, you may not get the expected results. This is because ereg_replace() will interpret and apply numbers as sequence values ​​of characters. For example:
2, example when the replacement parameter is an integer:

Copy code The code is as follows:

php
/* cannot produce the expected results*/
$num = 4;
$string = "This string has four words.";
$string = ereg_replace('four', $ num, $string);
echo $string; /* Output: 'This string has words.' */
/* This example works fine*/
$num = '4';
$string = "This string has four words.";
$string = ereg_replace('four', $num, $string);
echo $string; /* Output: 'This string has 4 words.' */
?>

3, replace the URL with a hyperlink:

Copy the code The code is as follows:

$text = ereg_replace("[[:alpha:]]+://[^[:space:]]+[[:alnum:]/]",
"< ;a href="\0">\0", $text);

Tip: The preg_replace() function uses Perl-compatible regular expression syntax and is often a faster alternative to ereg_replace().
Let’s take a look at the two main functions of Perl that are compatible with regular expressions:
preg_match function: (regular expression matching)
Format: int preg_match ( string pattern, string subject [, array matches [, int flags]] )
Function description:
Search for content matching the regular expression given by pattern in the subject string.
If matches is provided, it will be populated with the results of the search. $matches[0] will contain text that matches the entire pattern, $matches[1] will contain text that matches the first captured subpattern in parentheses, and so on.
flags can be the following flags:
PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE
If this flag is set, the associated string offset of each occurrence of the matching result will also be returned. Note that this changes the value of the returned array so that each cell in it is also an array, where the first item is the matched string and the second item is its offset. This tag is available since PHP 4.3.0.
flags parameter is available since PHP 4.3.0.
preg_match() returns the number of times pattern is matched. Either 0 times (no match) or 1 time, since preg_match() will stop searching after the first match. preg_match_all(), on the contrary, will search until the end of subject. If an error occurs preg_match() returns FALSE.
Tips: If you just want to check whether a string is contained in another string, don't use preg_match(). You can use strpos() or strstr() instead, which is much faster.
Let’s take a look at its example:
Example 1. Search for "php" in text:

Copy the code The code is as follows:

// The "i" after the pattern delimiter indicates a case-insensitive search
if (preg_match ("/php/i", "PHP is the web scripting language of choice.")) {
print "A match was found.";
} else {
print "A match was not found.";
}
? >

Example 2. Search for the word "web":

Copy code The code is as follows:

/* The b in the pattern represents the word boundary, so only the independent word "web" will be matched,
* will not match the words such as "webbing" or "cobweb" part*/
if (preg_match ("/bwebb/i", "PHP is the web scripting language of choice.")) {
print "A match was found.";
} else {
print "A match was not found.";
}
if (preg_match ("/bwebb/i", "PHP is the website scripting language of choice.")) {
print "A match was found.";
} else {
print "A match was not found.";
}
?>

Example 3. From URL Get the domain name:

Copy the code The code is as follows:

// Get the host name from the URL
preg_match("/^(http://)?([^/]+)/i",
"http://www.php.net/index.html", $matches);
$host = $matches[2];
// Get the next two segments from the host name
preg_match("/[^./]+.[^./]+$/", $host , $matches);
echo "domain name is: {$matches[0]}n";
?>

This example will output:
domain name is : php.net
---------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
preg_replace function: (execute regular expression (formula search and replacement)
Format: mixed preg_replace (mixed pattern, mixed replacement, mixed subject [, int limit])
Function description:
Search for a match of pattern pattern in subject and replace it with replacement . If limit is specified, only limit matches are replaced; if limit is omitted or has a value of -1, all matches are replaced.
replacement can contain backreferences in the form \n or (since PHP 4.0.4) in the form $n, the latter being preferred. Each such reference will be replaced by text matching the nth captured bracketed subpattern. n can be from 0 to 99, where \0 or $0 refers to the text matched by the entire pattern. Count the left parentheses from left to right (starting at 1) to get the number of subpatterns.
For replacement patterns that follow a backreference by a number (i.e. a number that immediately follows a matching pattern), the familiar \1 notation cannot be used to represent the backreference. For example, \11 will make preg_replace() confused whether it wants a backreference of \1 followed by the number 1 or a backreference of \11. The solution in this case is to use ${1}1. This creates an isolated backreference for $1, leaving the other 1 as a mere literal.
Let’s take a look at its example:
Example 1. The usage of reverse reference followed by a number:

Copy the code The code is as follows:

$string = "April 15, 2003";
$pattern = "/(w+) (d+), (d+)/i";
$replacement = "${1}1,$3";
print preg_replace($pattern, $replacement, $string);
/* Output
======
April1,2003
*/
?>

If a match is found, the replaced subject will be returned, otherwise the original unchanged subject will be returned.
Each parameter of preg_replace() (except limit) can be an array. If both pattern and replacement are arrays, their keys will be processed in the order in which they appear in the array. This is not necessarily the same as the numerical order of the index. If an index is used to identify which pattern is to be replaced by which replacement, the array should be sorted with ksort() before calling preg_replace().
Example 2. Using index array in preg_replace():

Copy code The code is as follows:

php
$string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.";
$patterns[0] = "/quick/";
$patterns[1] = "/brown/";
$patterns[2] = "/fox/";
$replacements[2] = "bear";
$replacements[1] = "black";
$replacements[0] = "slow";
print preg_replace($patterns, $replacements, $string);
/* Output
======
The bear black slow jumped over the lazy dog.
*/
/* By ksorting patterns and replacements,
we should get what we wanted. */
ksort($patterns);
ksort($replacements);
print preg_replace( $patterns, $replacements, $string);
/* Output
======
The slow black bear jumped over the lazy dog.
*/
?>

If subject is an array, a search and replace is performed on each item in subject and an array is returned.
If pattern and replacement are both arrays, preg_replace() will take out values ​​from them in order to search and replace subject. If there are fewer values ​​in replacement than in pattern, the empty string is used as the remaining replacement value. If pattern is an array and replacement is a string, this string is used as the replacement value for each value in pattern. The other way around is meaningless. The
/e modifier causes preg_replace() to treat the replacement argument as PHP code (after the appropriate backreferences have been replaced). Tip: Make sure that replacement forms a valid PHP code string, otherwise PHP will report a syntax parsing error on the line containing preg_replace().
Example 3. Replace several values:

Copy code The code is as follows:

$patterns = array ("/(19|20)(d{2})-(d{1,2})-(d{1,2})/",
"/^s*{(w+ )}s*=/");
$replace = array ("\3/\4/\1\2", "$\1 =");
print preg_replace ($patterns, $replace, "{startDate} = 1999-5-27");
?>

This example will output:
$startDate = 5/27/1999
Example 4. Use /e modifier:

Copy code The code is as follows:

preg_replace ("/( ?)(w+)([^>]*>)/e",
"'\1'.strtoupper('\2').'\3'",
$html_body );
?>

This will make all HTML tags in the input string uppercase.
Example 5. Convert HTML to text:

Copy code The code is as follows:

// $document should contain an HTML document.
// This example will remove HTML tags, javascript code
// and whitespace characters. Also converts some common
// HTML entities into corresponding text.
$search = array ("'<script>]*?>.*?</script>'si", // Remove javascript
"']*?>'si", // Remove HTML tags
"'([rn])[s]+'", // Remove whitespace characters
"'&( quot|#34);'i", // Replace HTML entity
"'&(amp|#38);'i",
"'&(lt|#60);'i",
"'&(gt|#62);'i",
"'&(nbsp|#160);'i",
"'&(iexcl|#161);'i",
"'&(cent|#162);'i",
"'&(pound|#163);'i",
"'&(copy|#169);'i" ,
"'(d+);'e"); // Run as PHP code
$replace = array ("",
"",
"\1",
""",
"&",
"">",
" ",
chr(161),
chr(162),
chr(163),
chr(169),
"chr(\1)");
$text = preg_replace ($search, $replace, $document);
? >

The End…

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