Examples of code reuse using traits in PHP, phptraits_PHP tutorial

Traits in PHP implement code reuse using examples. phptraits

PHP 5.4 added new traits to implement code reuse mechanism. Traits are similar to classes, but cannot be instantiated. , no need to inherit, just use the keyword use to introduce it in the class. Multiple Traits can be introduced, separated by ','.

(1) Trait is easy to use

<&#63;php
 
trait A {
  public $var1 = 'test1';
  public function test1() {
    echo 'trait A::test1()';
  }
}
 
trait B {
  public $var2 = 'test2';
  public function test2() {
    echo 'trait B::test2()';
  }
}
 
class C {
  use A,B;
}
 
$c = new C();
echo $c->var1; //test1
$c->test2(); //trait B::test2()

(2) Priority issue
Traits will override inherited methods, and the current class will override Trait methods.

trait A {
  public $var1 = 'test';
  public function test() {
    echo 'A::test()';
  }
  public function test1() {
    echo 'A::test1()';
  }
}
 
class B {
  public function test() {
    echo 'B::test()';
  }
  public function test1() {
    echo 'B::test1()';
  }
}
class C extends B{
  use A;
  public function test() {
    echo 'c::test()';
  }
}
 
$c = new C();
$c->test(); //c::test()
$c->test1(); //A::test1()

(3) Multiple Trait conflict issues
If the conflict is not resolved, a fatal error will occur;
Use insteadof to specify which conflicting method to use;
You can use the as operator to rename one of the conflicting methods;

trait A {
  public function test() {
    echo 'A::test()';
  }
}
 
trait B {
  public function test() {
    echo 'B::test()';
  }
}
 
class C {
  use A,B {
    B::test insteadof A;
    B::test as t;
  }
}
 
$c = new C();
$c->test(); //B::test()
$c->t(); //B::test()  可以用as另起名

(4) as can be used to modify method access control

trait HelloWorld {
  public function sayHello () {
    echo 'Hello World!' ;
  }
}
 
// 修改 sayHello 的访问控制
class A {
  use HelloWorld { sayHello as protected; }
}
 
// 给方法一个改变了访问控制的别名
// 原版 sayHello 的访问控制则没有发生变化
class B {
  use HelloWorld { sayHello as private myPrivateHello ; }
}
 
$b = new A();
$b->sayHello(); //Fatal error: Call to protected method A::sayHello() from context ''

(5) Using Trait in Trait

trait A {
  public function test1() {
    echo 'test1';
  }
}
 
trait B {
  public function test2() {
    echo 'test2';
  }
}
 
trait C {
  use A,B;
}
 
class D {
  use C;
}
 
$d = new D();
$d->test2(); //test2

(6) Trait supports abstract methods and static methods. Static variables cannot be directly defined, but static variables can be referenced by trait methods.

trait A {
  public function test1() {
    static $a = 0;
    $a++;
    echo $a;
  }
 
  abstract public function test2(); //可定义抽象方法
}
 
class B {
  use A;
  public function test2() {
 
  }
}
 
$b = new B();
$b->test1(); //1
$b->test1(); //2

(7) Traits can define attributes, but attributes with the same name cannot be defined in classes

trait A {
  public $test1;
}
 
class B {
  use A;
  public $test2;
}

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