Combined with Python's SimpleHTTPServer source code to parse socket communication

What is socket
Computers, as the name suggests, are used for calculations. Therefore, input and output are also needed. The conditions to be calculated are input and the calculation results are output. These input and output can be abstracted as I/O (input output).

Unix computers handle IO through the abstraction of files. There is also input and output, that is, communication between different computer processes. Therefore, this communication is also carried out through the abstract file descriptor of the file.

On the same computer, processes can communicate like this. What if they are different computers? Different computers on the network can also communicate, so they must use network sockets. A socket is an abstraction for communication between different computers. He works on an abstraction between the application layer and transport layer in the TCP/IP protocol. As shown below:

Server communication
Socket ensures communication between different computers, that is, network communication. For websites, the communication model is client-server communication. Both ends establish a socket object, and then transmit data through the socket object. Usually the server is in a wireless loop, waiting for clients to connect:

socket communication example
The socket interface is provided by the operating system and is an interface for calling the operating system. Of course, high-level languages ​​generally encapsulate useful function interfaces. Here is a simple socket server example using python code:

server.py

import socket

HOST = 'localhost'   # 服务器主机地址
PORT = 5000       # 服务器监听端口
BUFFER_SIZE = 2048   # 读取数据大小

# 创建一个套接字
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) 
# 绑定主机和端口
sock.bind((HOST, PORT))
# 开启socket监听
sock.listen(5)


print 'Server start, listening {}'.format(PORT)


while True:
  # 建立连接，连接为建立的时候阻塞
  conn, addr = sock.accept()
  while True:
    # 读取数据，数据还没到来阻塞
    data = conn.recv(BUFFER_SIZE)
    if len(data):
      print 'Server Recv Data: {}'.format(data)
      conn.send(data)
      print 'Server Send Data: {}'.format(data)
    else:
      print 'Server Recv Over'
      break
  conn.close()
sock.close()

client.py

import socket

HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 5000
BUFFER_SIZE = 1024

# 创建客户端套接字
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# 连接到服务器
sock.connect((HOST, PORT))

try:
  message = "Hello"
  # 发起数据给服务器
  sock.sendall(message)
  amount_received = 0
  amount_expected = len(message)
  while amount_received < amount_expected:
    # 接收服务器返回的数据
    data = sock.recv(10)
    amount_received += len(data)
    print 'Client Received: {}'.format(data)

except socket.errno, e:
  print 'Socket error: {}'.format(e)
except Exception, e:
  print 'Other exception: %s'.format(e)
finally:
  print 'Closing connection to the server'
  sock.close()

TCP three-way handshake
Writing sockets in python code is very simple. How is the legendary TCP three-way handshake embodied? What is a three-way handshake?

First handshake: First, the client sends a syn to request a connection,
Second handshake: The server confirms after receiving it and sends a syn ack response
Third step: After receiving the response from the server, the client sends a confirmation to the server to establish a connection.
Use the following metaphor:

C: Do you want to make an appointment?

S: About

C: OK

Dating
This establishes a TCP connection session. If you want to disconnect, the general process is:

The above picture also clearly shows the specific process of the three-way handshake socket.

• The client socket object blocks after calling connect, and a syn is sent in this process.
• The server socket object blocks after calling the accept function until the syn is sent from the client, and then sends syn and ack responses
• After the client socket object receives the response sent by the server, it sends an ack to the server and returns the connect call to establish the connection.
• The server socket object accepts the client's last handshake, confirms ack, returns the accept function, and establishes a connection.

At this point, the socket communication connection between the client and the server is established. All that remains is for the connection objects at both ends to send and receive data to complete network communication.

SimpleHTTPServer
To build a simple HTTP service, you need to inherit HTTPServer, and the requesthandler also needs to inherit BaseHTTPRequestHandler. Python has implemented an example, that is SimpleHTTPServer. So analyze SimpleHTTPServer to see how to build an http service using some of the previous classes.

In order to show the simplicity and elegance of Python, examples like this were often given. Python can start a server with one line of code.

$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer

The SimpleHTTPServer here is the module that implements HTTPServer.

SimpleHTTPServer serves as the entry point by calling the test method of the BaseHTTPServer module.

def test(HandlerClass = SimpleHTTPRequestHandler,
     ServerClass = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
  BaseHTTPServer.test(HandlerClass, ServerClass)

The test method does two things. The first is to use HTTPServer to accept a listening address and requestClass parameters, create an instance object, and call the server_forever method to start the service.

1.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
According to the previous analysis, to use the httpserver service, we only need to continue the BaseHTTPRequestHandler and provide the introspection method.

class SimpleHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
  server_version = "SimpleHTTP/" + __version__

  def do_GET(self):
    f = self.send_head()
    if f:
      self.copyfile(f, self.wfile)
      f.close()

  def do_HEAD(self):
    f = self.send_head()
    if f:
      f.close()

do_GET and do_HEAD implement the processing of http get request and head request respectively. They call the send_head method:

def send_head(self):

    path = self.translate_path(self.path)
    f = None
    if os.path.isdir(path):
      if not self.path.endswith('/'):
        self.send_response(301)
        self.send_header("Location", self.path + "/")
        self.end_headers()
        return None
      for index in "index.html", "index.htm":
        index = os.path.join(path, index)
        if os.path.exists(index):
          path = index
          break
      else:
        return self.list_directory(path)
    ctype = self.guess_type(path)
    try:
      f = open(path, 'rb')
    except IOError:
      self.send_error(404, "File not found")
      return None
    self.send_response(200)
    self.send_header("Content-type", ctype)
    fs = os.fstat(f.fileno())
    self.send_header("Content-Length", str(fs[6]))
    self.send_header("Last-Modified", self.date_time_string(fs.st_mtime))
    self.end_headers()
    return f

The send_head method obtains the network path requested by the customer through path analysis of the uri. Construct the mime meta information of head and send it to the client, and then return a file handle to open the path.

2.copyfile
The next step of do_GET is to write the file data of the path requested by the client into a buffered writable file through the copyfile method and send it to the client.

3.list_directory
SimpleHTTPServer模块还提供了list_directory方法，用于响应path是一个目录，而不是文件的情况。

def list_directory(self, path):
  try:
    list = os.listdir(path)
  except os.error:
    self.send_error(404, "No permission to list directory")
    return None
  list.sort(key=lambda a: a.lower())
  f = StringIO()
  displaypath = cgi.escape(urllib.unquote(self.path))
  f.write('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">')
  f.write("<html>\n<title>Directory listing for %s</title>\n" % displaypath)
  f.write("<body>\n<h2>Directory listing for %s</h2>\n" % displaypath)
  f.write("<hr>\n<ul>\n")
  for name in list:
    fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
    displayname = linkname = name
    # Append / for directories or @ for symbolic links
    if os.path.isdir(fullname):
      displayname = name + "/"
      linkname = name + "/"
    if os.path.islink(fullname):
      displayname = name + "@"
      # Note: a link to a directory displays with @ and links with /
    f.write('<li><a href="%s">%s</a>\n'
        % (urllib.quote(linkname), cgi.escape(displayname)))
  f.write("</ul>\n<hr>\n</body>\n</html>\n")
  length = f.tell()
  f.seek(0)
  self.send_response(200)
  encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
  self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html; charset=%s" % encoding)
  self.send_header("Content-Length", str(length))
  self.end_headers()
  return f

由此可见，处理客户端的请求，只需要使用 send_reponse， send_header 和 end_headers ，就能向客户端发送reponse。

4.自定义http服务
定义一个CustomHTTPRequestHadnler继承自BaseHTTPRequestHandler。在其内实现do_GET 方法来处理get请求。

然后再定义一个CustomHTTPServer继承自HTTPServer，它接受CustomHTTPRequestHadnler作为自己的handler。简单的代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer


class CustomHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
  def do_GET(self):
    self.send_response(200)
    self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
    self.end_headers()
    self.wfile.write("hello world\r\n")


class CustomHTTPServer(HTTPServer):
  def __init__(self, host, port):
    HTTPServer.__init__(self, (host, port), CustomHTTPRequestHandler)


def main():
  server = CustomHTTPServer('127.0.0.1', 8000)
  server.serve_forever()


if __name__ == '__main__':
  main()

使用curl访问可以得到

➜ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000
hello world
➜ ~

控制台会打出访问的log。

127.0.0.1 - - [01/Jun/2015 11:42:33] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -

从socket的建立，select的IO模式，再到Server和Handler的组合构建服务。我们已经熟悉了python的基本网络编程。python的web开发中，更多是使用WSGI协议。实现该协议的还有 uWSGI和gunicorn等库。相比那些库，python内部提供了一个wsgiref模块，实现了一个简单wsgi服务--simple_server。

接下来将会通过分析simple_server，更好的掌握WSGI协议。