编者按:运行时是内容和应用加载的地方。之前的两个运行时是 web 和移动 app,下一个主流的运行时会是什么呢?微信和 Facebook 都想通过各自的手段成为新的运行时,但 Snapchat 却打起了视频的主意,通过换脸、加贴纸等把视频变成了封装各种内容的手段。Benidict Evans 的这篇分析真是有点脑洞大开。
下面这张内容与分发模型图是 Jonah Peretti 去年底的时候制作出来的。对于我来说,这张图有趣的地方在于它反映出了两个明显的趋势—分发平台的扩散以及内容模式的扩散。
上图的每一段圆弧都是有着不同的用户获取模式的平台,同时也是有着不同内容格式的平台。你获得浏览的方式、有效的内容类型以及可能的内容类型都是不同的。(当然,Buzzfeed 跟其他的东西也是理解和优化这一环境的一台机器)
在这种扩散中,分发模型正在朝着两个方向发展,一是算法驱动的新闻流(Facebook、Twitter、Instagram),二是人工策划(Snapchat Discover),而内容模型一方面格式变得越来越丰富愈发沉浸式(往往是通过视频文件的形式交付),另一方面更轻量的、针对带宽优化、基于文本的格式也逐渐流行(AMP、Facebook Instant Articles)。尽管 AMP 和 Articles 看重的是加载速度,但就像 Facebook 或 Snapchat 的视频一样,这些内容也是受控于平台所有者的。
与此同时,Google 做 AMP 以及 Facebook 做 Instant Articles 一半的(无论是否隐含)意义在于,通过撤除所有的广告技术以及分析用的 JavaScript 转而采用 Google 和 Facebook 自己的解决方案,带宽可以更省,渲染可以更快。但同样地,另一端的带宽却在增长,Snapchat Discover 让你得靠平台告诉你发生了什么。大多数情况下,尤其是在 Facebook 和 Snapchat 这里,相对于一切都要靠 JavaScript 获取来说,主平台可以提供更好的使用和用户方面的信息(理论上也会带来更好的经济效益)。也许。与此同时,你得到的不仅是新内容和指标,还包括新的广告格式(尤其是在 Snapchat 这里),跟 web 横幅广告相比,这种广告格式会感觉更加原生,跟普通内容自然融为一体。
也就是说,这些模型改变了你获取受众的方式,改变了受众看到的是什么,改变了你对受众的了解,以及你从中赚钱的方式。(然后,为了省事起见,大概会有 1/3 的移动 web 使用会在 Facebook 上以应用内浏览发生)
接下来,虽然 Facebook 有 Instant Articles,但 Google 现在则有 Instant Apps。你点一下链接,“原生”(无论如何不会是 HTML)代码立即(希望如此)就会出现并运行。你可以把这看作是 Java 的回归(从某种意义上来说 Android 就 “是” Java),或者 Flash 的回归。我觉得类似地 Flash 的作用范围还要广。Snapchat Discover 当然看起来就像 Flash—尽管技术上来说其交付的格式也许是 h264 视频,但实际的内容却非常像 10年 前大家玩 Flash 的那些东西—活动、互动的富媒体内容加上声音、动作、动画,有时候还包括真正的实景镜头。我们已经从用 Falsh 交付视频发展到用视频交付 Flash。也就是说,视频就是新的 HTML—一种新的内容交付格式,而且根本就未必需要是真人实景。Instant Apps 做的事情一样,只不过用的是 Android 运行时而不是 Snapchat 的。还有就是尽管 Google IO 上面的 Instant Apps 演示看起来更像是 app 而不是内容,但原理是一样的—比 HTML 更丰富,但比要跑到应用商店去更好。不过即便 AMP 或 Instant Stories 也都可以做出同样的诠释—我们现在已经从旧的、简单的 HTML 和 JavaScript 转到拥有更好的体验上了。
有人可能也会认为这意味着视频(也包括 GIF 或者任何你想加入的格式)充当着一种新的卡片格式—一种把各类内容封装起来的手段,让它可以在互联网上流转和分享。把视频嵌入到社交网络信息流再次成为替代 HTML 的内容交付格式,还有,这也意味着你可以嵌入任何想要的内容,包括广告。
这同时指向了另一种扩散—指标的扩散。当 Snapchat 说自己拥有 “100 亿视频日浏览量” 时,它说的是什么意思呢?别人又可以拿什么东西跟它比较呢?对自动播放视频又该怎么看?如果用户没有听声音或者没有声音呢?这当然不能跟电视的观看情况比较,或者至少,只能在基于跟 Facebook 或其他任何内容相同的基础上比较总时长。YouTube 至少在概念上跟电视形式是一样的,但 Snapchat 真不是。并且当然,设计和报告指标的也是平台所有者自己。
把这个问题延伸一下,如果不能比较时长的话,也就很难比较广告支出。在大部分观看都是静默状态下(滚屏经过时自动播放往往会被跳过)进行的 “视频” 平台上的用时能跟电视热播节目上的用时相比吗?电视上播放着节目但是你却坐在沙发上看智能手机上互动性很强的(h264 格式)富媒体内容又怎么算?(再往前展望一下,是不是还得考虑一下 VR 上的广告价值与互动性呢?)
反过来,这又让我觉得移动广告拦截会变得更加有问题。Facebook 很长一段时间以来一直都是全世界最大的广告拦截者,正如它是最大的移动 web 浏览器之一。但如果平台从单个 IP 那里给我发送加密数据,而数据就是一段 h264 视频,但里面正好又有一段广告,而且内容渲染用的又是设备私有的运行时的话,这种广告又怎么剔出来呢?所有广告拦截的最大影响也许就是把内容所有者赶到离开放 web 越来越远的地方。
关于移动我的思考框架之一是我们正在寻找下一个运行时—一个继 web 和移动 app 之后、在移动上面营造体验的地方,这个新的运行时也许还会带来新的互动和发现模式,可能也包括新的盈利模式。显然这是审视 Google Assistant 或者 Facebook 的 Bots 平台的一种有用的方式,但这种审视代码的方式一样可以用来审视内容:Snapchat 跟微信一样也是个开发平台,只是你要从合适的角度观察。屏幕本身就是运行时,你能够做到越丰富越原生就越好。

The function of HTML is to define the structure and content of a web page, and its purpose is to provide a standardized way to display information. 1) HTML organizes various parts of the web page through tags and attributes, such as titles and paragraphs. 2) It supports the separation of content and performance and improves maintenance efficiency. 3) HTML is extensible, allowing custom tags to enhance SEO.

The future trends of HTML are semantics and web components, the future trends of CSS are CSS-in-JS and CSSHoudini, and the future trends of JavaScript are WebAssembly and Serverless. 1. HTML semantics improve accessibility and SEO effects, and Web components improve development efficiency, but attention should be paid to browser compatibility. 2. CSS-in-JS enhances style management flexibility but may increase file size. CSSHoudini allows direct operation of CSS rendering. 3.WebAssembly optimizes browser application performance but has a steep learning curve, and Serverless simplifies development but requires optimization of cold start problems.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: 1. HTML defines the web page structure, 2. CSS controls the web page style, and 3. JavaScript adds dynamic behavior. Together, they build the framework, aesthetics and interactivity of modern websites.

The future of HTML is full of infinite possibilities. 1) New features and standards will include more semantic tags and the popularity of WebComponents. 2) The web design trend will continue to develop towards responsive and accessible design. 3) Performance optimization will improve the user experience through responsive image loading and lazy loading technologies.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: HTML is responsible for content structure, CSS is responsible for style, and JavaScript is responsible for dynamic behavior. 1. HTML defines the web page structure and content through tags to ensure semantics. 2. CSS controls the web page style through selectors and attributes to make it beautiful and easy to read. 3. JavaScript controls web page behavior through scripts to achieve dynamic and interactive functions.

HTMLisnotaprogramminglanguage;itisamarkuplanguage.1)HTMLstructuresandformatswebcontentusingtags.2)ItworkswithCSSforstylingandJavaScriptforinteractivity,enhancingwebdevelopment.

HTML is the cornerstone of building web page structure. 1. HTML defines the content structure and semantics, and uses, etc. tags. 2. Provide semantic markers, such as, etc., to improve SEO effect. 3. To realize user interaction through tags, pay attention to form verification. 4. Use advanced elements such as, combined with JavaScript to achieve dynamic effects. 5. Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values, and verification tools are required. 6. Optimization strategies include reducing HTTP requests, compressing HTML, using semantic tags, etc.

HTML is a language used to build web pages, defining web page structure and content through tags and attributes. 1) HTML organizes document structure through tags, such as,. 2) The browser parses HTML to build the DOM and renders the web page. 3) New features of HTML5, such as, enhance multimedia functions. 4) Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values. 5) Optimization suggestions include using semantic tags and reducing file size.


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