一直纠结PHP中统计数组长度函数count(),还有strlen是怎么的,它的效率是O(1)还是O(n)呢?最近看PHP源码,总结了下。分析如下:
zend给php的所有变量都用共用体的方式去保存,而字符串的保存和数组的保存也是不同的,数组采用的是hash表的方式去保存。PHP的变量共用体描述如下
/* * zval */ typedef struct _zval_struct zval; typedef union _zvalue_value { long lval; /* long value */ double dval; /* double value */ struct { char *val; int len; } str; HashTable *ht; /* hash table value */ zend_object_value obj; } zvalue_value; struct _zval_struct { /* Variable information */ zvalue_value value; /* value */ zend_uint refcount; zend_uchar type; /* active type */ zend_uchar is_ref; };
哈希表的结构是这样的:
typedef struct _hashtable { uint nTableSize; uint nTableMask; uint nNumOfElements; ulong nNextFreeElement; Bucket *pInternalPointer; /* Used for element traversal */ Bucket *pListHead; Bucket *pListTail; Bucket **arBuckets; dtor_func_t pDestructor; zend_bool persistent; unsigned char nApplyCount; zend_bool bApplyProtection; #if ZEND_DEBUG int inconsistent; #endif } HashTable;
一般的变量(字符串)在使用strlen获取长度的时候,其实获取的就是zvalue_value.str这个结构中的len属性,效率上O(1)次,特别说明的一点是:strlen在php中并没有核心的实现,而是在使用了zend中的宏定义来获取:
#define Z_STRLEN(zval) (zval).value.str.len ... #define Z_STRLEN_P(zval_p) Z_STRLEN(*zval_p) ... #define Z_STRLEN_PP(zval_pp) Z_STRLEN(**zval_pp)
而对于数组的count操作,其实有两种结果,在count 的api中也提到了第二个参数mode,这个mode参数指明了,是否需要重新统计,而它的重新统计将会遍历一次数组,效率上是O(N)[N:长度],默认情况下是不重新统计,那这个时候将会直接输出hashtable中的nNumOfElements,此时的效率也是O(1)次:count代码如下:
PHP_FUNCTION(count) { zval *array; long mode = COUNT_NORMAL; if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "z|l", &array, &mode) == FAILURE) { return; } switch (Z_TYPE_P(array)) { case IS_NULL: RETURN_LONG(0); break; case IS_ARRAY: RETURN_LONG (php_count_recursive (array, mode TSRMLS_CC)); break; ..... //php_count_recursive的实现 static int php_count_recursive(zval *array, long mode TSRMLS_DC) /* {{{ */ { long cnt = 0; zval **element; if (Z_TYPE_P(array) == IS_ARRAY) { //错误处理 if (Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount > 1) { php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "recursion detected"); return 0; } //通过zend_hash_num_elements直接获得长度 cnt = zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(array)); //如果指定了需要重新统计,则会进入一次循环统计 if (mode == COUNT_RECURSIVE) { HashPosition pos; for (zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos); zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), (void **) &element, &pos) == SUCCESS; zend_hash_move_forward_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos) ) { Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount++; cnt += php_count_recursive(*element, COUNT_RECURSIVE TSRMLS_CC); Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nApplyCount--; } } } return cnt; } //zend/zend_hash.c //zend_hash_num_elements的实现 ZEND_API int zend_hash_num_elements(const HashTable *ht) { IS_CONSISTENT(ht); return ht->nNumOfElements; }
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