在访问PHP类中的成员变量或方法时,如果被引用的变量或者方法被声明成const(定义常量)或者static(声明静态),那么就必须使用操作符::,
反之如果被引用的变量或者方法没有被声明成const或者static,那么就必须使用操作符->。
另外,如果从类的内部访问const或者static变量或者方法,那么就必须使用自引用的self,
反之如果从类的内部访问不为const或者static变量或者方法,那么就必须使用自引用的$this。
结论 : self与$this的功能极其相似,但二者又不相同。$this不能引用静态成员和常量。self更像类本身,而$this更像是实例本身。

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