在访问PHP类中的成员变量或方法时，如果被引用的变量或者方法被声明成const（定义常量）或者static（声明静态）,那么就必须使用操作符::,
反之如果被引用的变量或者方法没有被声明成const或者static,那么就必须使用操作符->。
另外，如果从类的内部访问const或者static变量或者方法,那么就必须使用自引用的self，
反之如果从类的内部访问不为const或者static变量或者方法,那么就必须使用自引用的$this。
结论 : self与$this的功能极其相似，但二者又不相同。$this不能引用静态成员和常量。self更像类本身，而$this更像是实例本身。
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