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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP 设计模式系列 -- 观察者模式(Observer)

1、模式定义

观察者模式有时也被称作发布/订阅模式,该模式用于为对象实现发布/订阅功能:一旦主体对象状态发生改变,与之关联的观察者对象会收到通知,并进行相应操作。

将一个系统分割成一个一些类相互协作的类有一个不好的副作用,那就是需要维护相关对象间的一致性。我们不希望为了维持一致性而使各类紧密耦合,这样会给维护、扩展和重用都带来不便。观察者就是解决这类的耦合关系的。

消息队列系统、事件都使用了观察者模式。

PHP 为观察者模式定义了两个接口:SplSubject 和SplObserver。SplSubject 可以看做主体对象的抽象,SplObserver 可以看做观察者对象的抽象,要实现观察者模式,只需让主体对象实现 SplSubject ,观察者对象实现 SplObserver,并实现相应方法即可。

2、UML类图

3、示例代码

User.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer;/** * 观察者模式 : 被观察对象 (主体对象) * * 主体对象维护观察者列表并发送通知 * */class User implements \SplSubject{    /**     * user data     *     * @var array     */    protected $data = array();    /**     * observers     *     * @var \SplObjectStorage     */    protected $observers;        public function __construct()    {        $this->observers = new \SplObjectStorage();    }    /**     * 附加观察者     *     * @param \SplObserver $observer     *     * @return void     */    public function attach(\SplObserver $observer)    {        $this->observers->attach($observer);    }    /**     * 取消观察者     *     * @param \SplObserver $observer     *     * @return void     */    public function detach(\SplObserver $observer)    {        $this->observers->detach($observer);    }    /**     * 通知观察者方法     *     * @return void     */    public function notify()    {        /** @var \SplObserver $observer */        foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {            $observer->update($this);        }    }    /**     *     * @param string $name     * @param mixed  $value     *     * @return void     */    public function __set($name, $value)    {        $this->data[$name] = $value;        // 通知观察者用户被改变        $this->notify();    }}

UserObserver.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer;/** * UserObserver 类(观察者对象) */class UserObserver implements \SplObserver{    /**     * 观察者要实现的唯一方法     * 也是被 Subject 调用的方法     *     * @param \SplSubject $subject     */    public function update(\SplSubject $subject)    {        echo get_class($subject) . ' has been updated';    }}

4、测试代码

Tests/ObserverTest.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer\UserObserver;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer\User;/** * ObserverTest 测试观察者模式 */class ObserverTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{    protected $observer;    protected function setUp()    {        $this->observer = new UserObserver();    }    /**     * 测试通知     */    public function testNotify()    {        $this->expectOutputString('DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Observer\User has been updated');        $subject = new User();        $subject->attach($this->observer);        $subject->property = 123;    }    /**     * 测试订阅     */    public function testAttachDetach()    {        $subject = new User();        $reflection = new \ReflectionProperty($subject, 'observers');        $reflection->setAccessible(true);        /** @var \SplObjectStorage $observers */        $observers = $reflection->getValue($subject);        $this->assertInstanceOf('SplObjectStorage', $observers);        $this->assertFalse($observers->contains($this->observer));        $subject->attach($this->observer);        $this->assertTrue($observers->contains($this->observer));        $subject->detach($this->observer);        $this->assertFalse($observers->contains($this->observer));    }    /**     * 测试 update() 调用     */    public function testUpdateCalling()    {        $subject = new User();        $observer = $this->getMock('SplObserver');        $subject->attach($observer);        $observer->expects($this->once())            ->method('update')            ->with($subject);        $subject->notify();    }}

5、总结

观察者模式解除了主体和具体观察者的耦合,让耦合的双方都依赖于抽象,而不是依赖具体。从而使得各自的变化都不会影响另一边的变化。

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