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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP数据库操作:使用ORM

之前我发了一篇博文PHP数据库操作:从MySQL原生API到PDO,向大家展示PHP是如何使用MySQL原生API、MySQLi面向过程、MySQLi面向对象、PDO操作MySQL数据库的。本文介绍如何使用ORM操作数据库。

什么是ORM呢?引用网友的话:

ORM 对象关系映射,O(Object) 对象,在项目中就是实体,更加精确的来说就是数据Model,也可以说持久化类。R(Relation) 关系数据,M (Mapping)映射,将对象映射到关系数据,将关系数据映射到对象的过程。更加直观理解就是,ORM 就是以OOP思想,产生增删改查SQL语句。

相比PDO,ORM更适合快速开发项目,而不用写SQL语句。下面介绍几个好用的ORM。

Medoo

下文均以版本1.0.2为例。

环境要求

PHP 5.1+, 推荐PHP 5.4+ 且支持PDO.
至少安装了MySQL, MSSQL, SQLite其中一种.

如何安装

Medoo支持Composer安装和直接下载。

使用Composer安装:

composer require catfan/Medoocomposer update

直接下载:
https://github.com/catfan/Medoo/archive/master.zip

开始使用

引入Medoo并配置数据库:

<?php//使用Composer安装的这样引入//require 'vendor/autoload.php';// 直接下载的这样引入require_once 'medoo.php'; // 初始化$db = new medoo([    'database_type' => 'mysql',    'database_name' => 'test',    'server' => 'localhost',    'username' => 'root',    'password' => '123456',    'charset' => 'utf8',        //可选:端口    'port' => 3306,     //可选:表前缀    'prefix' => '',     // PDO驱动选项 http://www.php.net/manual/en/pdo.setattribute.php    'option' => [        PDO::ATTR_CASE => PDO::CASE_NATURAL    ]]); 

如果是SQLite:

$database = new medoo([    'database_type' => 'sqlite',    'database_file' => 'my/database/path/database.db']);

CURD

查询(Read):

select($table, $columns, $where) //获取所有记录- table [string] 表名- columns [string/array] 字段- where (可选) [array] 查询条件get($table, $columns, $where) //仅获取一条数据select($table, $join, $columns, $where)- table [string] 表名- join [array] 关联查询,如果没有可以忽略- columns [string/array] 字段- where (可选) [array] 查询条件

示例:

$user = $db->select('user', '*'); //返回所有数据$user = $db->get('user', '*'); //返回所有数据$user = $db->select('user','*', array('name ' => 'joy'));$user = $db->select('user','name', array('age[>] ' => 20)); $user = $db->select('user',['name','age'], array('age[<=] ' => 20)); 

新增(Create):

insert($table, $data)

示例:

$db->insert('user', array('name'=> 't3', 'age'=>22)); //返回自增id

注意:如果数据里面包含子数组将会被serialize()序列化, 你可以使用json_encode()作为JSON存储.

更新(Update):

update($table, $data, $where)

示例:

$db->update('user', array('name'=> 't5'), array('id'=> 23)); //返回受影响的行数

删除(Delete):

delete($table, $where)

示例:

$db->update('user',  array('id'=> 23)); //返回受影响的行数

where

聚合查询

$db->has('user',  array('id'=> 23)); //记录是否存在$db->count('user',  array('id[>]'=> 23)); //统计$db->max('user', 'age', array('gender'=> 1)); //最大值$db->min('user', 'age', array('gender'=> 2)); //最小值$db->avg('user',  'age', array('gender'=> 2)); //平均值$db->sum('user',  'age', array('gender'=> 2)); //求和

以上方法均支持第二个参数是$join,即关联查询。

事务机制

$db->action(function($db) {    try{        $db->insert("account", [            "name" => "foo",            "email" => "bar@abc.com"        ]);             $db->delete("account", [            "user_id" => 2312        ]);    }catch(Exception $e){        // 返回false就会回滚事务        return false;    }});

使用query

可以直接使用SQL。

//查询$data = $db->query("SELECT * FROM user")->fetchAll();print_r($data);//删除$db->query("DELETE FROM user where name='t5' ");

直接使用PDO

Medoo是基于PDO的,所以可以直接调用PDO实例。

获取PDO实例:

$pdo = $db->pdo;

接下来,可以使用PDO对象的所有方法了。

1.PDO::beginTransaction — 启动一个事务2.PDO::commit — 提交一个事务3.PDO::__construct — 创建一个表示数据库连接的 PDO 实例4.PDO::errorCode — 获取跟数据库句柄上一次操作相关的 SQLSTATE5.PDO::errorInfo — 获取错误信息6.PDO::exec — 执行一条 SQL 语句,并返回受影响的行数7.PDO::getAttribute — 取回一个数据库连接的属性*8.PDO::getAvailableDrivers — 返回一个可用驱动的数组(了解即可)*9.PDO::inTransaction — 检查是否在一个事务内(了解即可)10.PDO::lastInsertId — 返回最后插入行的ID或序列值11.PDO::prepare — 创建SQL的预处理,返回PDOStatement对象12.PDO::query — 用于执行查询SQL语句,返回PDOStatement对象13.PDO::quote — 为sql字串添加单引号14.PDO::rollBack — 回滚一个事务15.PDO::setAttribute — 设置属性

示例:

$stmt = $pdo->query('select * from user limit 2'); //返回一个PDOStatement对象//$row = $stmt->fetch(); //从结果集中获取下一行,用于while循环$rows = $stmt->fetchAll(); //获取所有print_r($rows);

pdo事务:

$pdo->beginTransaction();//开启事务处理try{    //PDO预处理以及执行语句...        $pdo->commit();//提交事务}catch(PDOException $e){    $pdo->rollBack();//事务回滚        //相关错误处理    throw $e;}

使用DEBUG

debug() 打印最终的SQL语句

在select、get、insert、update等方法前面加上debug()方法可以打印SQL语句,程序不会继续运行:

$user = $db->debug()->select('user', '*'); //SELECT "name","age" FROM "user" WHERE "age" <= 20

error() 返回最后一次操作的出错信息

$db->select('user3', '*'); var_dump($db->error());

log() 返回所有的SQL查询语句,不影响查询正常执行

$db->select('user', '*'); var_dump($db->log());

last_query() 和log()类似,但仅返回最后一条SQL查询语句,不影响查询正常执行

$db->select('user', '*'); var_dump($db->last_query());

Eloquent ORM

Eloquent ORM是Laravel框架使用的ORM。Laravel 的 Eloquent ORM 提供了更优雅的ActiveRecord 实现来和数据库的互动。 每个数据库表对应一个模型文件。

参考:
1、Guidebook - Medoo
http://medoo.in/api/new/
2、Eloquent ORM笔记 - 飞鸿影~ - 博客园

(未完待续。。。)

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