有人问米开朗基罗:"您是如何创造出《大卫》这样的巨作的?"他答道:"很简单,我去采石场,看见一块巨大的大理石 ,我要做的只是凿去那些不该有的大理石,大卫就诞生了。
同样我们在抓取网页的时候,需要去掉我们不需要的,提取出需要的信息,只不过技术相当复杂。这篇文章将介绍HTML解析技术
在上篇文章( Web Scraping with Python--第一个网页抓取实例)中,我们初步接触了BeutifulSoup库, 这里我们将通过属性来查找标签tags。
几乎所有的网站都包含CSS,对我们抓取网页很有利,CSS依赖于不同的HTML元素有不同的标记,比如:
来看一个网站-http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html,里面是一篇文章,口语是红色的字体,而讲话者是绿色的字体,选取其中一个源代码片段:
"Heavens! what a virulent attack!" replied the prince, not in the least disconcerted by this reception.
可以使用上一篇文章中使用的程序来创建一个BeautifulSoup对象来获取整个网页:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSouphtml = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html)
使用BeautifulSoup对象的findAll方法来提取出一个指定要求的列表
nameList = bsObj.findAll("span", {"class":"green"})for namein nameList: print(name.get_text())
将上面的代码证整理一下:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")nameList = bsObj.findAll("span", {"class": "green"})for namein nameList: print(name.get_text())
运行结果:
Anna
Pavlovna Scherer
Empress Marya
……
解释一下上面的代码:
bsObj.findAll(tagName, tagAttributes) 获取整个页面上的标签的列表,然后通过迭代列表,获取相应的标签的内容
find() 和 findAll()
这两个方法很相似,它们的声明如下:
findAll(tag, attributes, recursive, text, limit, keywords)find(tag, attributes, recursive, text, keywords)
tag参数就像之前见到的那样,你可以传递一个字符串或者一个字符串列表:.findAll({"h1","h2","h3","h4","h5","h6"})
attributes参数传递一个属性和tags相匹配的字典,例如:.findAll("span", {"class":"green", "class":"red"})
recursive参数用于设置是否设置递归
keywor参数允许你包含一个特别的属性,例如:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")allText = bsObj.findAll(id="text")#也可以换为:allText = bsObj.findAll("",{"id":"text"})print(allText[0].get_text())
如果你想查找子标签,可以使用children:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")for childin bsObj.find("table", {"id": "giftList"}).children: print(child)
如果想去掉第一行的
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")for siblingin bsObj.find("table", {"id":"giftList"}).tr.next_siblings: print(sibling)
如果你想查找父标签,可以使用 previous_siblings:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")print(bsObj.find("img",{"src":"../img/gifts/img1.jpg"}).parent.previous_sibling.get_text())
从下面的html结构一目了然
—
—
—
— “$15.00” (4)
— s
— (1)
正则表达式与 BeautifulSoup
python中的正则可以参照我的另一篇《 Python基础(9)--正则表达式》
注意到上面的实例网页中有如下结构:
假如有个需求是提取所有的img标签,按照之前的说法,可以考虑 findAll("img")来解决这个问题,但是现代网站有的隐藏img……等不确定因素,这时候才有正则表达式来解决:
from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoupimport re html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")images = bsObj.findAll("img", {"src":re.compile("\.\.\/img\/gifts/img.*\.jpg")})for imagein images: print(image["src"])
运行结果如下:
../img/gifts/img1.jpg
../img/gifts/img2.jpg
../img/gifts/img3.jpg
../img/gifts/img4.jpg
../img/gifts/img6.jpg
作者:工学1号馆
出处: http://wuyudong.com/1842.html
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如果觉得本文对您有帮助,可以对作者进行小额【赞助】

The future trends of HTML are semantics and web components, the future trends of CSS are CSS-in-JS and CSSHoudini, and the future trends of JavaScript are WebAssembly and Serverless. 1. HTML semantics improve accessibility and SEO effects, and Web components improve development efficiency, but attention should be paid to browser compatibility. 2. CSS-in-JS enhances style management flexibility but may increase file size. CSSHoudini allows direct operation of CSS rendering. 3.WebAssembly optimizes browser application performance but has a steep learning curve, and Serverless simplifies development but requires optimization of cold start problems.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: 1. HTML defines the web page structure, 2. CSS controls the web page style, and 3. JavaScript adds dynamic behavior. Together, they build the framework, aesthetics and interactivity of modern websites.

The future of HTML is full of infinite possibilities. 1) New features and standards will include more semantic tags and the popularity of WebComponents. 2) The web design trend will continue to develop towards responsive and accessible design. 3) Performance optimization will improve the user experience through responsive image loading and lazy loading technologies.

The roles of HTML, CSS and JavaScript in web development are: HTML is responsible for content structure, CSS is responsible for style, and JavaScript is responsible for dynamic behavior. 1. HTML defines the web page structure and content through tags to ensure semantics. 2. CSS controls the web page style through selectors and attributes to make it beautiful and easy to read. 3. JavaScript controls web page behavior through scripts to achieve dynamic and interactive functions.

HTMLisnotaprogramminglanguage;itisamarkuplanguage.1)HTMLstructuresandformatswebcontentusingtags.2)ItworkswithCSSforstylingandJavaScriptforinteractivity,enhancingwebdevelopment.

HTML is the cornerstone of building web page structure. 1. HTML defines the content structure and semantics, and uses, etc. tags. 2. Provide semantic markers, such as, etc., to improve SEO effect. 3. To realize user interaction through tags, pay attention to form verification. 4. Use advanced elements such as, combined with JavaScript to achieve dynamic effects. 5. Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values, and verification tools are required. 6. Optimization strategies include reducing HTTP requests, compressing HTML, using semantic tags, etc.

HTML is a language used to build web pages, defining web page structure and content through tags and attributes. 1) HTML organizes document structure through tags, such as,. 2) The browser parses HTML to build the DOM and renders the web page. 3) New features of HTML5, such as, enhance multimedia functions. 4) Common errors include unclosed labels and unquoted attribute values. 5) Optimization suggestions include using semantic tags and reducing file size.

WebdevelopmentreliesonHTML,CSS,andJavaScript:1)HTMLstructurescontent,2)CSSstylesit,and3)JavaScriptaddsinteractivity,formingthebasisofmodernwebexperiences.


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