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HomeWeb Front-endHTML TutorialWeb Scraping with Python深入HTML解析_html/css_WEB-ITnose

有人问米开朗基罗:"您是如何创造出《大卫》这样的巨作的?"他答道:"很简单,我去采石场,看见一块巨大的大理石 ,我要做的只是凿去那些不该有的大理石,大卫就诞生了。

同样我们在抓取网页的时候,需要去掉我们不需要的,提取出需要的信息,只不过技术相当复杂。这篇文章将介绍HTML解析技术

在上篇文章( Web Scraping with Python--第一个网页抓取实例)中,我们初步接触了BeutifulSoup库, 这里我们将通过属性来查找标签tags。

几乎所有的网站都包含CSS,对我们抓取网页很有利,CSS依赖于不同的HTML元素有不同的标记,比如:

来看一个网站-http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html,里面是一篇文章,口语是红色的字体,而讲话者是绿色的字体,选取其中一个源代码片段:

"Heavens! what a virulent attack!" replied the prince, not in the least disconcerted by this reception.

可以使用上一篇文章中使用的程序来创建一个BeautifulSoup对象来获取整个网页:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSouphtml = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html)

使用BeautifulSoup对象的findAll方法来提取出一个指定要求的列表

nameList = bsObj.findAll("span", {"class":"green"})for namein nameList:    print(name.get_text())

将上面的代码证整理一下:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")nameList = bsObj.findAll("span", {"class": "green"})for namein nameList:    print(name.get_text())

运行结果:

Anna

Pavlovna Scherer

Empress Marya

……

解释一下上面的代码:

bsObj.findAll(tagName, tagAttributes) 获取整个页面上的标签的列表,然后通过迭代列表,获取相应的标签的内容

find() 和 findAll()

这两个方法很相似,它们的声明如下:

findAll(tag, attributes, recursive, text, limit, keywords)find(tag, attributes, recursive, text, keywords)

tag参数就像之前见到的那样,你可以传递一个字符串或者一个字符串列表:.findAll({"h1","h2","h3","h4","h5","h6"})

attributes参数传递一个属性和tags相匹配的字典,例如:.findAll("span", {"class":"green", "class":"red"})

recursive参数用于设置是否设置递归

keywor参数允许你包含一个特别的属性,例如:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")allText = bsObj.findAll(id="text")#也可以换为:allText = bsObj.findAll("",{"id":"text"})print(allText[0].get_text())

如果你想查找子标签,可以使用children:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")for childin bsObj.find("table", {"id": "giftList"}).children:    print(child)

如果想去掉第一行的

内容,可以使用next_siblings

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")for siblingin bsObj.find("table", {"id":"giftList"}).tr.next_siblings:    print(sibling)

如果你想查找父标签,可以使用 previous_siblings:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoup html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")print(bsObj.find("img",{"src":"../img/gifts/img1.jpg"}).parent.previous_sibling.get_text())

从下面的html结构一目了然

(3)

— “$15.00” (4)

— s

(2)

Web Scraping with Python深入HTML解析_html/css_WEB-ITnose (1)

正则表达式与 BeautifulSoup

python中的正则可以参照我的另一篇《 Python基础(9)--正则表达式》

注意到上面的实例网页中有如下结构:

Web Scraping with Python深入HTML解析_html/css_WEB-ITnose

假如有个需求是提取所有的img标签,按照之前的说法,可以考虑 findAll("img")来解决这个问题,但是现代网站有的隐藏img……等不确定因素,这时候才有正则表达式来解决:

from urllib.requestimport urlopenfrom bs4import BeautifulSoupimport re html = urlopen("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html")bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")images = bsObj.findAll("img", {"src":re.compile("\.\.\/img\/gifts/img.*\.jpg")})for imagein images:    print(image["src"])

运行结果如下:

../img/gifts/img1.jpg

../img/gifts/img2.jpg

../img/gifts/img3.jpg

../img/gifts/img4.jpg

../img/gifts/img6.jpg

作者:工学1号馆

出处: http://wuyudong.com/1842.html

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