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HomeWeb Front-endHTML Tutorial【译】粘连 Footer 的 5 种方法 | CSS-Tricks_html/css_WEB-ITnose

原文: http://www.zcfy.cc/article/491

一个简短的历史,如果你愿意那样说的话。

粘连 footer 的目的是让它“支撑”在浏览器窗口的底部。但不总是在底部,如果有足够的内容将页面撑开,footer 可以被撑到网页下方去。但是,如果页面的内容很短,粘连 footer 仍然会出现在浏览器窗口的底部。

在 wrapper 上用负的 margin-bottom

用一个元素将除了 footer 之外的其他内容包起来。给它设一个负的 margin-bottom,让它正好等于 footer 的高度。这是一个最基本的方法( 例子 )。

例子: 用负 margin 粘连 footer

<body>  <div class="wrapper">      content    <div class="push"></div>  </div>  <footer class="footer"></footer></body>
html, body {  height: 100%;  margin: 0;}.wrapper {  min-height: 100%;  /* Equal to height of footer */  /* But also accounting for potential margin-bottom of last child */  margin-bottom: -50px;}.footer,.push {  height: 50px;}

这个方法需要在内容区域加一个额外的元素( .push 元素),这样确保不会因为负 margin 将 footer 提升上来而覆盖了任何实际内容。 .push 元素也最好不要有自己的 margin-bottom,如果有,那么它也得算在负 margin 中,而这又会使得 push 的 height 和 .wrapper 的 margin-bottom 的数字不一样,看起来也不是很好。

用 这个 技术不需要一个 push 元素,但是相应地,在内容外面需要额外再包一层元素来让它产生对应的 padding-bottom。这也是为了防止负 margin 导致 footer 覆盖任何实际内容。

例子: 用负 margin 粘连 footer 2

<body>  <div class="content">    <div class="content-inside">      content    </div>  </div>  <footer class="footer"></footer></body>
html, body {  height: 100%;  margin: 0;}.content {  min-height: 100%;}.content-inside {  padding: 20px;  padding-bottom: 50px;}.footer {  height: 50px;  margin-top: -50px;}

这个技术和前一个有一个同样的缺点,就是它们都需要添加额外的 HTML 元素。

通过 cacl() 减少 wrapper 高度

有一个不需要添加额外元素的 方法 ,那就是通过 cacl() 调整 wrapper 的高度。这样不需要任何附加的元素,只需要两个元素并排共用 100% 高度。

例子: Sticky Footer with calc();

<body>  <div class="content">    content  </div>  <footer class="footer"></footer></body>
.content {  min-height: calc(100vh - 70px);}.footer {  height: 50px;}

注意我这里用 calc() 扣除了 70px,把 footer 固定为 50px。这是假设内容中的最后一个元素有一个 20px 的 margin-bottom。这个 margin-bottom 和 footer 的高度要加在一起从 viewport 高度中扣除。而且,我们在这里还用了 viewport 单位( vh ——译者注),这是另外一个小技巧,能够避免在让 wrapper 高度为 100% 时还得先把 body 高度设为 100%。

There is flexbox

使用 flexbox

上面三种技术的大问题是它们需要 footer 的高度固定。Web 设计中固定高度通常都不好。内容可能改变。我们需要灵活性。固定高度通常要被亮红灯。 使用 flexbox 来实现粘连 footer 不仅不需要任何额外的元素,还可以支持 footer 可变高度。

例子: 用 Flexbox 粘连 Footer

<body>  <div class="content">    content  </div>  <footer class="footer"></footer></body>
html {  height: 100%;}body {  min-height: 100%;  display: flex;  flex-direction: column;}.content {  flex: 1;}

你甚至可以添加一个 header 到 .content 前面或者其他更多内容到后面。使用 flexbox 的诀窍是:

  • 设置 flex: 1 在你希望自动填充窗口空间的子元素上(在我们的例子里是 .content 元素)。
  • 或者,可以设置 margin-top:auto 来让子元素尽可能远离它前面的元素(或者根据需要选择任意一个方向的 margin)。(上面的 flex:1 也可以用 margin-bottom:auto ,内容垂直居中可以用 margin:auto 0 ,flex 布局很奇妙吧——译者注)

记得我们有一个关于一切 flexbox 相关内容的 完整的指南 。

使用 grid

Grid 布局是一种更新的技术(目前 支持它的浏览器比 flexbox 更少 )。我们也有一个关于它的 完整的指南 。用它实现粘连 footer 也相当容易。

例子: 用 Grid 粘连 footer

<body>  <div class="content">    content  </div>  <footer class="footer"></footer></body>
html {  height: 100%;}body {  min-height: 100%;  display: grid;  grid-template-rows: 1fr auto;}.footer {  grid-row-start: 2;  grid-row-end: 3;}

这个例子只能在 Chrome Canary 或者 Firefox 开发版上工作,并且可能在 Edge 下被降级到旧的 grid 布局版本。

英文原文: https://css-tricks.com/couple-takes-sticky-footer/

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