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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorial【PHP 一些专业词汇+概念解释】

PHP    弱类型语言,大小写敏感,脚本语言(解释性,文本文件执行),服务端。

OOP [Object Oriented Programming]

SAPI [Server Application Programming Interface ]

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服务器端应用编程端口。它就是PHP与其它应用交互的接口,PHP脚本要执行有很多种方式,通过Web服务器,或者直接在命令行下,也可以嵌入在其他程序中。
SAPI提供了一个和外部通信的接口,常见的SAPI有:cgi 、fast-cgi、cli、isapi、apache 模块的 DLL

CGI
CGI即通用网关接口(Common Gateway Interface),它是一段程序,通俗的讲CGI就象是一座桥,把网页和WEB服务器中的执行程序连接起来,它把HTML接收的指令传递给服务器的执 行程序,再把服务器执行程序的结果返还给HTML页。CGI 的跨平台性能极佳,几乎可以在任何操作系统上实现。
CGI方式在遇到连接请求(用户 请求)先要创建cgi的子进程,激活一个CGI进程,然后处理请求,处理完后结束这个子进程。这就是fork-and-execute模式。所以用cgi 方式的服务器有多少连接请求就会有多少cgi子进程,子进程反复加载是cgi性能低下的主要原因。都会当用户请求数量非常多时,会大量挤占系统的资源如内 存,CPU时间等,造成效能低下。

FastCGI
fast-cgi 是cgi的升级版本,FastCGI像是一个常驻(long-live)型的CGI,它可以一直执行着,只要激活后,不会每次都要花费时间去fork一 次。PHP使用PHP-FPM(FastCGI Process Manager),全称PHP FastCGI进程管理器进行管理。

FastCGI的工作原理


  1. Web Server启动时载入FastCGI进程管理器(IIS ISAPI或Apache Module)

  2. FastCGI进程管理器自身初始化,启动多个CGI解释器进程(可见多个php-cgi)并等待来自Web Server的连接。

  3. 当客户端请求到达Web Server时,FastCGI进程管理器选择并连接到一个CGI解释器。Web server将CGI环境变量和标准输入发送到FastCGI子进程php-cgi。

  4.  FastCGI子进程完成处理后将标准输出和错误信息从同一连接返回Web Server。当FastCGI子进程关闭连接时,请求便告处理完成。FastCGI子进程接着等待并处理来自FastCGI进程管理器(运行在Web Server中)的下一个连接。 在CGI模式中,php-cgi在此便退出了。


在上述情况中,你可以想象CGI通常有多慢。每一个Web 请求PHP都必须重新解析php.ini、重新载入全部扩展并重初始化全部数据结构。使用FastCGI,所有这些都只在进程启动时发生一次。一个额外的 好处是,持续数据库连接(Persistent database connection)可以工作。

APACHE2HANDLER
PHP作为Apache模块,Apache服务器在系统启动后,预先生成多个进程副本驻留在内存中,一旦有请求出 现,就立即使用这些空余的子进程进行处理,这样就不存在生成子进程造成的延迟了。这些服务器副本在处理完一次HTTP请求之后并不立即退出,而是停留在计 算机中等待下次请求。对于客户浏览器的请求反应更快,性能较高。
apache模块的DLL:
该运行模式是我们以前在windows环境下使用apache服务器经常使用的,而在模块化(DLL)中,PHP是与Web服务器一起启动并运行的。(是apache在CGI的基础上进行的一种扩展,加快PHP的运行效率)

ISAPI:
ISAPI即Internet Server Application Program Interface,是微软提供的一套面向Internet服务的API接口.一个ISAPI的DLL,可以在被用户请求激活后长驻内存,等待用户的另一个请求,还可以在一个DLL里设置多个用户请求处理函数,此外,ISAPI的DLL应用程序和WWW服务器处于同一个进程中,效率要显著高于CGI。

cli:[php CLI模式介绍]
cli是php的命令行运行模式,大家经常会使用它,但是可能并没有注意到(例如:我们在linux下经常使用 “php -m”查找PHP安装了那些扩展就是PHP命令行运行模式;


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