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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorial用脚本构建的程序是怎么保持后期重构的健壮性的?

我一般使用的是强类型语言,比如java或者c++。但是我知道很多系统是用弱类型的脚本语言,比如豆瓣。
我尝试过弱类型开发,但是后期很难维护,具体表现是几乎无法重构。
是不是会有别的什么办法可以避免这个问题,或者可以支持到健壮的重构?
我一直对动态语言构建系统的维护方式比较好奇,求大神赐教!
——————————
看到很多大神都提到单元测试,确实是可以保证系统重构之后的稳定性
但是我写程序喜欢一边写一边微调程序结构(微重构),几乎很少单元测试,所以需要类型安全来做随时错误检测。 不知道这个是不是什么好习惯?

回复内容:

动态类型一时爽,项目大了人多了,维护起来都要命,别说重构了。
一个API看起来会返回一个A,没人敢保证不会有1%的机会返回个null,再有0.01%的机会返回个B。一个小改动要往下看n层代码才放心,结果commit上去还是挂了。
Facebook就知道错了,搞了个Hack抢救一下…… 不管是什么语言,重构要保持健壮性靠的都是大量的单元测试。这不是脚本独有的问题。 无他,大量可回归的单元测试,集成测试。 多回复一点,其实 @vczh前面说的没错,但是却是个悖论.因为很多时候,人们用脚本语言就是图的开发速度,现在为了让它健壮还得尽可能的单元测试覆盖,老实说,脚本多用在业务逻辑多且变化频率大的领域,单元测试写起来实在蛋疼.

这就好比,本身你用A是为了好处B,但是为了弥补A的缺陷又不得不做一些事情要牺牲好处B.

所以说,个人认为单元测试覆盖对脚本语言开发的项目是个悖论.

我的想法是自己权衡吧,想快赶紧上的时候就脚本,后面不行了再慢慢改回编译型.

鱼和熊掌,不可兼得也. 脚本就是这样啊, 火葬场了之后爬出来, 赶快来个热更新就是了.

上帝给你堵住了一扇门, 还会给你开一道窗子 系统的健壮性更多的时候取决于其架构,如何隔离错误。比如 Chrome 用多进程架构避免渲染引擎和插件的崩溃,Python Web Server 利用异常捕捉隔离独立 HTTP 请求的业务错误。

系统的可维护性取决于如何设计系统的模块划分,如何规范模块的外部接口和模块间的通讯,如何降低模块间的耦合度,以使重构影响更少的模块。

设计实践是编译器检查不出来的。 首先,看起来你想说的是静态/动态语言而不是强弱类型的问题,类型强弱跟是否编译语言没有绝对关系,也跟是动态还是静态语言是两回事儿。其次,我其实是 @vczh 这个萝莉控的敌对阵营,但是为啥老是想给他点赞呢? 前期设计再棒也是无法抵消后期代码熵增的。

java 这样的强类型语言,只能说在IDE的帮助下进行变量/方法重命名,方法提取……等基础重构策略时,比较容易操作。

我们可以把类型检查视为它的内建约束。这些内建约束只能缓解一部分问题。许多需要大规模重构的场景,强类型语言和弱类型语言面临的问题没有差异。

反而是许多弱类型语言,以 ruby 为例,在 ducktype 机制的作用下,逻辑编写十分灵活,许多场景下代码反而是更易维护。

综合来说,解决之道唯有进行严格的测试驱动开发。
测试是很好的手段,能按照自己的想法在各个层面去为代码添加约束。而不是仅仅依赖所谓的类型检查。

测试驱动开发,而不是开发完了再去用所谓单元测试检查扫尾。
这是完全不一样的两种开发思路。
前者会导致代码设计的持续改进。是后者不能比拟的。

用测试去尽可能覆盖需求。进行bugfix时也使用测试驱动。
在持续的代码提交中,逐步提高测试覆盖率。
架设CI服务,如果是github上的项目可以用 travis-ci.org/

掌握撰写测试的方法,形成写测试的思想,在此基础上花时间积极重构。
别无他法。 测试脚本:单元测试、接受性测试、压力测试,如果想东西靠谱,一个都不能少。TDD、BDD之说有效的。至于覆盖率的问题,可以后续完善,但必须要由,测试脚本和财富一样是需要积累的。

CI:前面 @宋亮 提到持续集成,这个是也必须的。重复的事情必须要交给机器,人负责创造性的东西。

前提:业务不能重构,否则测试用例和脚本就得重来。

盲区:前端自动自动化测试,主要是浏览器渲染走样的问题。貌似stackoverflow上有人提过原型图片像素比对的方式做断言,但没实践过。 最初设计的时候应该也是分了模块的,接口也应该设计好了的
重构的使用范围应该限定在模块内部的实现,而即使模块内部的改动即使对模块来说也应该不是太大的吧。
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