缩进
Python最具特色的是用缩进来标明成块的代码。我下面以if选择结构来举例。if后面跟随条件,如果条件成立,则执行归属于if的一个代码块。
先看C语言的表达方式(注意,这是C,不是Python!)
if ( i > 0 )
{
x = 1;
y = 2;
}
如果i > 0的话,我们将进行括号中所包括的两个赋值操作。括号中包含的就是块操作,它隶属于if。
在Python中,同样的目的,这段话是这样的
if i > 0:
x = 1
y = 2
在Python中, 去掉了i > 0周围的括号,去除了每个语句句尾的分号,表示块的花括号也消失了。
多出来了if ...之后的:(冒号), 还有就是x = 1 和 y =2前面有四个空格的缩进。通过缩进,Python识别出这两个语句是隶属于if。
Python这样设计的理由纯粹是为了程序好看。
if语句
写一个完整的程序,命名为ifDemo.py。这个程序用于实现if结构。
i = 1
x = 1
if i > 0:
x = x+1
print x
$python ifDemo.py # 运行
程序运行到if的时候,条件为True,因此执行x = x+1,。
print x语句没有缩进,那么就是if之外。
如果将第一句改成i = -1,那么if遇到假值 (False), x = x+1隶属于if, 这一句跳过。 print x没有缩进,是if之外,不跳过,继续执行。
这种以四个空格的缩进来表示隶属关系的书写方式,以后还会看到。强制缩进增强了程序的可读性。
复杂一些的if选择:
i = 1
if i > 0:
print 'positive i'
i = i + 1
elif i == 0:
print 'i is 0'
i = i * 10
else:
print 'negative i'
i = i - 1
print 'new i:',i
这里有三个块,分别属于if, elif, else引领。
Python检测条件,如果发现if的条件为假,那么跳过后面紧跟的块,检测下一个elif的条件; 如果还是假,那么执行else块。
通过上面的结构将程序分出三个分支。程序根据条件,只执行三个分支中的一个。
整个if可以放在另一个if语句中,也就是if结构的嵌套使用:
i = 5
if i > 1:
print 'i bigger than 1'
print 'good'
if i > 2:
print 'i bigger than 2'
print 'even better'
if i > 2 后面的块相对于该if缩进了四个空格,以表明其隶属于该if,而不是外层的if。
总结
if语句之后的冒号
以四个空格的缩进来表示隶属关系, Python中不能随意缩进
if :
statement
elif :
statement
elif :
statement
else:
statement

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