很多开发人员在刚开始学Python 时,都考虑过像 c++ 那样来实现 singleton 模式,但后来会发现 c++ 是 c++,Python 是 Python,不能简单的进行模仿。
Python 中常见的方法是借助 global 变量,或者 class 变量来实现单件。本文就介绍以decorator来实现 singleton 模式的方法。示例代码如下:
##----------------------- code begin ----------------------- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- def singleton(cls): """Define a class with a singleton instance.""" instances = {} def getinstance(*args, **kwds): return instances.setdefault(cls, cls(*args, **kwds)) return getinstance ##1 未来版Python支持Class Decorator时可以这样用 class Foo(object): def __init__(self, attr=1): self.attr = attr Foo = singleton( Foo ) ##2 2.5及之前版不支持Class Decorator时可以这样用 if __name__ == "__main__": ins1 = Foo(2) # 等效于: ins1 = singleton(Foo)(2) print "Foo(2) -> id(ins)=%d, ins.attr=%d, %s" % (id(ins1), ins1.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins1.attr == 2]) ins2 = Foo(3) print "Foo(3) -> id(ins)=%d, ins.attr=%d, %s" % (id(ins2), ins2.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins2.attr == 2]) ins2.attr = 5 print "ins.attr=5 -> ins.attr=%d, %s" % (ins2.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins2.attr == 5]) ##------------------------ code end ------------------------
输出:
Foo(2) -> id(ins)=19295376, ins.attr=2, ok Foo(3) -> id(ins)=19295376, ins.attr=2, ok ins.attr=5 -> ins.attr=5, ok

Python is easier to learn and use, while C is more powerful but complex. 1. Python syntax is concise and suitable for beginners. Dynamic typing and automatic memory management make it easy to use, but may cause runtime errors. 2.C provides low-level control and advanced features, suitable for high-performance applications, but has a high learning threshold and requires manual memory and type safety management.

Python and C have significant differences in memory management and control. 1. Python uses automatic memory management, based on reference counting and garbage collection, simplifying the work of programmers. 2.C requires manual management of memory, providing more control but increasing complexity and error risk. Which language to choose should be based on project requirements and team technology stack.

Python's applications in scientific computing include data analysis, machine learning, numerical simulation and visualization. 1.Numpy provides efficient multi-dimensional arrays and mathematical functions. 2. SciPy extends Numpy functionality and provides optimization and linear algebra tools. 3. Pandas is used for data processing and analysis. 4.Matplotlib is used to generate various graphs and visual results.

Whether to choose Python or C depends on project requirements: 1) Python is suitable for rapid development, data science, and scripting because of its concise syntax and rich libraries; 2) C is suitable for scenarios that require high performance and underlying control, such as system programming and game development, because of its compilation and manual memory management.

Python is widely used in data science and machine learning, mainly relying on its simplicity and a powerful library ecosystem. 1) Pandas is used for data processing and analysis, 2) Numpy provides efficient numerical calculations, and 3) Scikit-learn is used for machine learning model construction and optimization, these libraries make Python an ideal tool for data science and machine learning.

Is it enough to learn Python for two hours a day? It depends on your goals and learning methods. 1) Develop a clear learning plan, 2) Select appropriate learning resources and methods, 3) Practice and review and consolidate hands-on practice and review and consolidate, and you can gradually master the basic knowledge and advanced functions of Python during this period.

Key applications of Python in web development include the use of Django and Flask frameworks, API development, data analysis and visualization, machine learning and AI, and performance optimization. 1. Django and Flask framework: Django is suitable for rapid development of complex applications, and Flask is suitable for small or highly customized projects. 2. API development: Use Flask or DjangoRESTFramework to build RESTfulAPI. 3. Data analysis and visualization: Use Python to process data and display it through the web interface. 4. Machine Learning and AI: Python is used to build intelligent web applications. 5. Performance optimization: optimized through asynchronous programming, caching and code

Python is better than C in development efficiency, but C is higher in execution performance. 1. Python's concise syntax and rich libraries improve development efficiency. 2.C's compilation-type characteristics and hardware control improve execution performance. When making a choice, you need to weigh the development speed and execution efficiency based on project needs.


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