就前面所讲,函数的基本内容已经完毕。但是,函数还有很多值得不断玩味的细节。这里进行阐述。
参数的传递
python中函数的参数通过赋值的方式来传递引用对象。下面总结通过总结常见的函数参数定义方式,来理解参数传递的流程。
def foo(p1,p2,p3,...)
这种方式最常见了,列出有限个数的参数,并且彼此之间用逗号隔开。在调用函数的时候,按照顺序以此对参数进行赋值,特备注意的是,参数的名字不重要,重要的是位置。而且,必须数量一致,一一对应。第一个对象(可能是数值、字符串等等)对应第一个参数,第二个对应第二个参数,如此对应,不得偏左也不得偏右。
>>> def foo(p1,p2,p3):
... print "p1==>",p1
... print "p2==>",p2
... print "p3==>",p3
...
>>> foo("python",1,["qiwsir","github","io"]) #一一对应地赋值
p1==> python
p2==> 1
p3==> ['qiwsir', 'github', 'io']
>>> foo("python")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
TypeError: foo() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given) #注意看报错信息
>>> foo("python",1,2,3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
TypeError: foo() takes exactly 3 arguments (4 given) #要求3个参数,实际上放置了4个,报错
def foo(p1=value1,p2=value2,...)
这种方式比前面一种更明确某个参数的赋值,貌似这样就不乱子了,很明确呀。颇有一个萝卜对着一个坑的意味。
还是上面那个函数,用下面的方式赋值,就不用担心顺序问题了。
>>> foo(p3=3,p1=10,p2=222)
p1==> 10
p2==> 222
p3==> 3
也可以采用下面的方式定义参数,给某些参数有默认的值
>>> def foo(p1,p2=22,p3=33): #设置了两个参数p2,p3的默认值
... print "p1==>",p1
... print "p2==>",p2
... print "p3==>",p3
...
>>> foo(11) #p1=11,其它的参数为默认赋值
p1==> 11
p2==> 22
p3==> 33
>>> foo(11,222) #按照顺序,p2=222,p3依旧维持原默认值
p1==> 11
p2==> 222
p3==> 33
>>> foo(11,222,333) #按顺序赋值
p1==> 11
p2==> 222
p3==> 333
>>> foo(11,p2=122)
p1==> 11
p2==> 122
p3==> 33
>>> foo(p2=122) #p1没有默认值,必须要赋值的,否则报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
TypeError: foo() takes at least 1 argument (1 given)
def foo(*args)
这种方式适合于不确定参数个数的时候,在参数args前面加一个*,注意,仅一个哟。
>>> def foo(*args): #接收不确定个数的数据对象
... print args
...
>>> foo("qiwsir.github.io") #以tuple形式接收到,哪怕是一个
('qiwsir.github.io',)
>>> foo("qiwsir.github.io","python")
('qiwsir.github.io', 'python')
上一讲中已经有例子说明,可以和前面的混合使用。此处不赘述。
def foo(**args)
这种方式跟上面的区别在于,必须接收类似arg=val形式的。
>>> def foo(**args): #这种方式接收,以dictionary的形式接收数据对象
... print args
...
>>> foo(1,2,3) #这样就报错了
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
TypeError: foo() takes exactly 0 arguments (3 given)
>>> foo(a=1,b=2,c=3) #这样就可以了,因为有了键值对
{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
下面来一个综合的,看看以上四种参数传递方法的执行顺序
>>> def foo(x,y=2,*targs,**dargs):
... print "x==>",x
... print "y==>",y
... print "targs_tuple==>",targs
... print "dargs_dict==>",dargs
...
>>> foo("1x")
x==> 1x
y==> 2
targs_tuple==> ()
dargs_dict==> {}
>>> foo("1x","2y")
x==> 1x
y==> 2y
targs_tuple==> ()
dargs_dict==> {}
>>> foo("1x","2y","3t1","3t2")
x==> 1x
y==> 2y
targs_tuple==> ('3t1', '3t2')
dargs_dict==> {}
>>> foo("1x","2y","3t1","3t2",d1="4d1",d2="4d2")
x==> 1x
y==> 2y
targs_tuple==> ('3t1', '3t2')
dargs_dict==> {'d2': '4d2', 'd1': '4d1'}
通过上面的例子,看官是否看出什么名堂了呢?

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