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PHP垃圾回收机制的理解

本文主要讨论PHP5.2和5.3的垃圾回收机制区别。

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5.2使用的是“引用计数”方式进行回收。简单地理解的话,就是每个分配的内存区域都有一个计数器,记录有多少个变量指针指向这片内存。当指向该片内存的指针数量为0,那么该片内存区域就可以被回收。

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引用计数计数简单,强大,但是有一个致命的缺陷,就是环状引用。考虑以下的代码:

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$a = array();
$a[] = &$a;
unset($a);
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变量$a引用了自己,形成了一个环。$a被unset了,可是由于存在环状引用,因此$a之前指向的内存的引用计数为1,因此该内存区域不会被垃圾回收机制回收。

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PHP5.3针对这个重大的缺陷做了优化。虽然其基础仍然是引用计数,但是在做了一些改良,能够将环状引用导致的内存泄露控制在一定的规模以内。当然,这并不是说你可以随便滥用内存,编写代码时仍然要小心为上!

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其他要点:

1.PHP脚本运行完毕,该脚本申请的所有内存空间都会释放,不管是否存在环状引用。因此环状引用内存泄露的问题一般只影响长时间运行的程序脚本。

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2.垃圾回收机制需要满足一定的条件才会执行。因此unset后,系统并不一定会立即回收垃圾。

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3.unset的作用。

“unset只是断开一个变量到一块内存区域的连接,同时将该内存区域的引用计数-1”。也就是说,如果有一个以上的变量指向同一个内存区域,或者存在环状引用,那么unset不会使内存区域释放。断开也说明unset并不会直接删除内存区域,而只是改变其引用计数而已。

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4.$xx=null的作用。

“$a = null 是直接将$a 指向的数据结构置空,同时将其引用计数归0”。根据我对这个定义的理解,=null操作可以立即释放掉内存空间!因此很多PHP技巧中不厌其烦地对我们说,先将变量设为null,再unset。理解其深层原理后,我才彻底理解了这样做的原因!=null才是王道!

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更多的资料请看:

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/564573c62cc58bd63186bd35.html

http://apps.hi.baidu.com/share/detail/46642891

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