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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP、Java、C#实现URI参数签名算法,保准应用与REST服务器之间的安全通信,防止Secret Key盗用、数据篡改等恶意攻击行为

PHP、Java、C#实现URI参数签名算法,确保应用与REST服务器之间的安全通信,防止Secret Key盗用、数据篡改等恶意攻击行为

简介

应用基于HTTP POST或HTTP GET请求发送Open API调用请求时,为了确保应用与REST服务器之间的安全通信,防止Secret Key盗用、数据篡改等恶意攻击行为,REST服务器使用了参数签名机制。应用在调用Open API之前,需要为其所有请求参数计算一个MD5签名,并追加到请求参数中,参数名为“sign”。REST服务器在接收到请求时会重新计算签名,并判断其值是否与应用传递过来的sign参数值一致,以此判定当前Open API调用请求是否是被第三者伪造或篡改。

应用在调用Open API之前需要通过 OAuth2.0服务获得用户或平台的授权,获取到授权后将会拿到以下3个重要参数:

  • access_token:基于https调用Open API时所需要的访问授权码;
  • session_key:基于http调用Open API时所需要的访问授权码;
  • session_secret:基于http调用Open API时计算参数签名用的签名密钥。

其中,session_secret这个参数就是做参数签名时所需要的签名密钥。这与Facebook、人人网等平台稍微有所区别,这两个平台在做参数签名时所用的签名密钥一般有2个:

  • 如果是通过应用服务端调用Open API,则注册应用时所拿到的应用密钥(即API Key)就是参数签名密钥;
  • 如果是通过JavaScript、ActionScript等客户端语言调用Open API,则应用获取到用户授权后所拿到的Session Secret就是参数签名密钥。当然,通过服务端调用Open API时也可以用Session Secret作为签名密钥。

签名算法

假设参与参数签名计算的请求参数分别是“k1”、“k2”、“k3”,它们的值分别是“v1”、“v2”、“v3”,则参数签名计算方法如下:

  • 将请求参数格式化为“key=value”格式,即“k1=v1”、“k2=v2”、“k3=v3”;
  • 将格式化好的参数键值对以字典序升序排列后,拼接在一起,即“k1=v1k2=v2k3=v3”;
  • 在拼接好的字符串末尾追加上应用通过OAuth2.0协议获取Access Token时所获取到的session_secret参数值;
  • 上述字符串的MD5值即为签名的值。

注意:计算签名时的请求参数中不要包含sign(签名)参数,因为sign参数的值此时还不知道,有待计算

另外,计算签名的时候不需要对参数进行urlencode处理(“application/x-www-form-urlencoded”编码),但是发送请求的时候需要进行urlencode处理,这是很多开发者最容易犯错的地方。

签名过程示例

假设某个应用需要获取某个uid为67411167的用户的基本资料,应用在之前的通过OAuth2.0服务获取Access Token的过程中所拿到的session_key和session_secret参数值分别为:

  • session_key: "9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A="
  • session_secret: "27e1be4fdcaa83d7f61c489994ff6ed6"

调用Open API时的系统时间(PHP中可以通过date('Y-m-d H:i:s')来获取当前系统时间)为"2011-06-21 17:18:09",希望REST服务器以JSON格式返回调用结果,即相当于参与参数签名计算的请求参数集合为:

<span style="color: #000000;">[    </span>"session_key" => "9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A="<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"timestamp" => "2011-06-21 17:18:09"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"format" => "json"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"uid" => 67411167<span style="color: #000000;">]</span>
 

则计算签名的具体过程如下:

  • 将请求参数格式化为“key=value”格式,格式化后的请求参数集合为:
<span style="color: #000000;"> [    </span>"session_key=9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A="<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"timestamp=2011-06-21 17:18:09"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"format=json"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"uid=67411167"<span style="color: #000000;"> ]</span>
 
  • 将格式化好的参数键值对以字典序升序排列,得到如下参数集:
<span style="color: #000000;"> [    </span>"format=json"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"session_key=9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A="<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"timestamp=2011-06-21 17:18:09"<span style="color: #000000;">,    </span>"uid=67411167"<span style="color: #000000;"> ]</span>
 
  • 将前面排序好的参数集拼接在一起,得到如下字符串:
format<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>jsonsession_key<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>timestamp<span style="color: #339933;">=</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">2011</span><span style="color: #339933;">-</span><span style="color: #208080;">06</span><span style="color: #339933;">-</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">21</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">17</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">18</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span>09uid<span style="color: #339933;">=</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">67411167</span>
  • 在拼接好的字符串末尾追加上应用通过OAuth2.0协议获取Access Token时所获取到的session_secret参数值,得到如下字符串:
format<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>jsonsession_key<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>timestamp<span style="color: #339933;">=</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">2011</span><span style="color: #339933;">-</span><span style="color: #208080;">06</span><span style="color: #339933;">-</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">21</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">17</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">18</span><span style="color: #339933;">:</span>09uid<span style="color: #339933;">=</span>6741116727e1be4fdcaa83d7f61c489994ff6ed6
  • 对前面得到的字符串求MD5签名,得到的d24dd357a95a2579c410b3a92495f009就是调用API时所需要的sign参数值。

接下来便可以通过HTTP POST方法或HTTP GET方法请求Open API的REST服务器,进行接口调用了,如:

GET /rest/2.0/passport/users/getInfo?session_key=9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A%3D&timestamp=2011-06-21+17%3A18%3A09&format=json&uid=67411167&sign=d24dd357a95a2579c410b3a92495f009 HTTP/1.1<span style="color: #000000;">Host: openapi.baidu.comUser</span>-<span style="color: #000000;">Agent: Client of Baidu Open PlatformAccept: </span>*<span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflateAccept-Charset: utf-8Connection: close或POST /rest/2.0/passport/users/getInfo HTTP/1.1Host: openapi.baidu.comUser-Agent: Client of Baidu Open PlatformAccept: </span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span>*<span style="color: #000000;">Accept</span>-<span style="color: #000000;">Encoding: gzip,deflateAccept</span>-Charset: utf-8<span style="color: #000000;">Content</span>-Length: 179<span style="color: #000000;">Connection: close session_key</span>=9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A%3D&timestamp=2011-06-21+17%3A18%3A09&format=json&uid=67411167&sign=d24dd357a95a2579c410b3a92495f009

 

签名算法实现代码

PHP代码实现

获取签名的PHP代码实现方式如下所示:

<span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008000;">*  * 签名生成算法  * @param  array  $params API调用的请求参数集合的关联数组,不包含sign参数  * @param  string $secret 签名的密钥即获取access token时返回的session secret  * @return string 返回参数签名值  </span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">function</span> getSignature(<span style="color: #800080;">$params</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$secret</span><span style="color: #000000;">) {    </span><span style="color: #800080;">$str</span> = '';  <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">待签名字符串    //先将参数以其参数名的字典序升序进行排序</span>    <span style="color: #008080;">ksort</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$params</span><span style="color: #000000;">);    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">遍历排序后的参数数组中的每一个key/value对</span>    <span style="color: #0000ff;">foreach</span> (<span style="color: #800080;">$params</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">as</span> <span style="color: #800080;">$k</span> => <span style="color: #800080;">$v</span><span style="color: #000000;">) {        </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">为key/value对生成一个key=value格式的字符串,并拼接到待签名字符串后面</span>        <span style="color: #800080;">$str</span> .= "<span style="color: #800080;">$k</span>=<span style="color: #800080;">$v</span>"<span style="color: #000000;">;    }    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">将签名密钥拼接到签名字符串最后面</span>    <span style="color: #800080;">$str</span> .= <span style="color: #800080;">$secret</span><span style="color: #000000;">;    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">通过md5算法为签名字符串生成一个md5签名,该签名就是我们要追加的sign参数值</span>    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #008080;">md5</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$str</span><span style="color: #000000;">); }</span>

 

调用示例:

<span style="color: #800080;">$uid</span> = 67411167<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #800080;">$params</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">array</span><span style="color: #000000;">(    </span>"session_key" => "9XNNXe66zOlSassjSKD5gry9BiN61IUEi8IpJmjBwvU07RXP0J3c4GnhZR3GKhMHa1A=",    "timestamp" => "2011-06-21 17:18:09",    "format" => "json",    "uid" => <span style="color: #800080;">$uid</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #800080;">$sign</span> = getSignature(<span style="color: #800080;">$params</span>, "27e1be4fdcaa83d7f61c489994ff6ed6");
 

Java代码实现

获取签名的java代码实现方式如下所示:

<span style="color: #008000;">/**</span><span style="color: #008000;"> * 签名生成算法 * </span><span style="color: #808080;">@param</span><span style="color: #008000;"> HashMap<string> params 请求参数集,所有参数必须已转换为字符串类型 * </string></span><span style="color: #808080;">@param</span><span style="color: #008000;"> String secret 签名密钥 * </span><span style="color: #808080;">@return</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 签名 * </span><span style="color: #808080;">@throws</span><span style="color: #008000;"> IOException </span><span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">static</span> String getSignature(HashMap<string> params, String secret) <span style="color: #0000ff;">throws</span><span style="color: #000000;"> IOException{    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 先将参数以其参数名的字典序升序进行排序</span>    Map<string string> sortedParams = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span> TreeMap<string string><span style="color: #000000;">(params);    Set</span><entry string>> entrys =<span style="color: #000000;"> sortedParams.entrySet();     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 遍历排序后的字典,将所有参数按"key=value"格式拼接在一起</span>    StringBuilder basestring = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> StringBuilder();    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> (Entry<string string><span style="color: #000000;"> param : entrys) {        basestring.append(param.getKey()).append(</span>"="<span style="color: #000000;">).append(param.getValue());    }    basestring.append(secret);     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用MD5对待签名串求签</span>    <span style="color: #0000ff;">byte</span>[] bytes = <span style="color: #0000ff;">null</span><span style="color: #000000;">;    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">try</span><span style="color: #000000;"> {        MessageDigest md5 </span>= MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5"<span style="color: #000000;">);        bytes </span>= md5.digest(basestring.toString().getBytes("UTF-8"<span style="color: #000000;">));    } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">catch</span><span style="color: #000000;"> (GeneralSecurityException ex) {        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">throw</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> IOException(ex);    }     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 将MD5输出的二进制结果转换为小写的十六进制</span>    StringBuilder sign = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> StringBuilder();    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> (<span style="color: #0000ff;">int</span> i = 0; i ) {        String hex = Integer.toHexString(bytes[i] & 0xFF<span style="color: #000000;">);        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> (hex.length() == 1<span style="color: #000000;">) {            sign.append(</span>"0"<span style="color: #000000;">);        }        sign.append(hex);    }    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> sign.toString();}</span></string></entry></string></string></string>

 

注意:计算签名时所有参数的key和value都必须先转换为对应的字符串类型,因为在HTTP请求中传递的内容都是字符串类型的,很多开发者都因为没注意到这点,直接将非字符串类型的参数的二进制值传递了进去,结果导致签名与服务端计算的不一致而出错。

C#代码实现

获取签名的C#代码实现方式如下所示:

<span style="color: #808080;">///</span> <span style="color: #808080;"><summary></summary></span><span style="color: #808080;">///</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 计算参数签名</span><span style="color: #808080;">///</span> <span style="color: #808080;"></span><span style="color: #808080;">///</span> <span style="color: #808080;"><param name="params"></span><span style="color: #008000;">请求参数集,所有参数必须已转换为字符串类型</span><span style="color: #808080;"></span><span style="color: #808080;">///</span> <span style="color: #808080;"><param name="secret"></span><span style="color: #008000;">签名密钥</span><span style="color: #808080;"></span><span style="color: #808080;">///</span> <span style="color: #808080;"><returns></returns></span><span style="color: #008000;">签名</span><span style="color: #808080;"></span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">static</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> getSignature(IDictionarystring, <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span>> parameters, <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span><span style="color: #000000;"> secret){    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 先将参数以其参数名的字典序升序进行排序</span>    IDictionarystring, <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span>> sortedParams = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span> SortedDictionarystring, <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span>><span style="color: #000000;">(parameters);    IEnumerator</span><keyvaluepair style="color: #0000ff;">string, <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span>>> iterator=<span style="color: #000000;"> sortedParams.GetEnumerator();     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 遍历排序后的字典,将所有参数按"key=value"格式拼接在一起</span>    StringBuilder basestring= <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> StringBuilder();    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">while</span><span style="color: #000000;"> (iterator.MoveNext()) {            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> key =<span style="color: #000000;"> iterator.Current.Key;            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> value =<span style="color: #000000;"> iterator.Current.Value;            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> (!<span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span>.IsNullOrEmpty(key) && !<span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span><span style="color: #000000;">.IsNullOrEmpty(value)){                basestring.Append(key).Append(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">=</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).Append(value);            }    }    basestring.Append(secret);     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用MD5对待签名串求签</span>    MD5 md5 =<span style="color: #000000;"> MD5.Create();    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">byte</span>[] bytes =<span style="color: #000000;"> md5.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(basestring.ToString()));     </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 将MD5输出的二进制结果转换为小写的十六进制</span>    StringBuilder result = <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> StringBuilder();    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> (<span style="color: #0000ff;">int</span> i = <span style="color: #800080;">0</span>; i ) {            <span style="color: #0000ff;">string</span> hex = bytes[i].ToString(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">x</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> (hex.Length == <span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">) {                result.Append(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">0</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);            }            result.Append(hex);    }     </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> result.ToString();}</span></keyvaluepair>

 服务器接受请求后,同样对参数进行签名,如果签名相同则数据没有被修改或者丢失。

注意:计算签名时所有参数的key和value都必须先转换为对应的字符串类型,因为在HTTP请求中传递的内容都是字符串类型的,很多开发者都因为没注意到这点,直接将非字符串类型的参数的二进制值传递了进去,结果导致签名与服务端计算的不一致而出错。

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PHP has shaped the network over the past few decades and will continue to play an important role in web development. 1) PHP originated in 1994 and has become the first choice for developers due to its ease of use and seamless integration with MySQL. 2) Its core functions include generating dynamic content and integrating with the database, allowing the website to be updated in real time and displayed in personalized manner. 3) The wide application and ecosystem of PHP have driven its long-term impact, but it also faces version updates and security challenges. 4) Performance improvements in recent years, such as the release of PHP7, enable it to compete with modern languages. 5) In the future, PHP needs to deal with new challenges such as containerization and microservices, but its flexibility and active community make it adaptable.

Why Use PHP? Advantages and Benefits ExplainedWhy Use PHP? Advantages and Benefits ExplainedApr 16, 2025 am 12:16 AM

The core benefits of PHP include ease of learning, strong web development support, rich libraries and frameworks, high performance and scalability, cross-platform compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. 1) Easy to learn and use, suitable for beginners; 2) Good integration with web servers and supports multiple databases; 3) Have powerful frameworks such as Laravel; 4) High performance can be achieved through optimization; 5) Support multiple operating systems; 6) Open source to reduce development costs.

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