PHP新手之学习类与对象(1)

PHP 5 引入了新的对象模型（Object Model）。完全重写了 PHP 处理对象的方式，允许更佳性能和更多特性。

一、基本概念

1、class

每个类的定义都以关键字 class 开头，后面跟着类名，可以是任何非 PHP 保留字的名字。后面跟着一对花括号，里面包含有类成员和方法的定义。伪变量 $this 可以在当一个方法在对象内部调用时使用。$this 是一个到调用对象（通常是方法所属于的对象，但也可以是另一个对象，如果该方法是从第二个对象内静态调用的话）的引用。看下面例子：

Example#1 面向对象语言中的 $this 变量

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">class</span><span> A  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>{  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">function</span><span> foo()  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>{  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">if</span><span> (isset(</span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>)) {  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="func">echo</span><span> </span><span class="string">'$this is defined ('</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="func">echo</span><span> get_class(</span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>);  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="func">echo</span><span> </span><span class="string">")n"</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>} </span><span class="keyword">else</span><span> {  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="func">echo</span><span> </span><span class="string">"$this is not defined.n"</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>}  </span></li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">class</span><span> B  </span>
</li>
<li><span>{  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">function</span><span> bar()  </span>
</li>
<li><span>{  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>A::foo();  </span></li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>}  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$a</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> A();  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$a</span><span>->foo();  </span>
</li>
<li><span>A::foo();  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$b</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> B();  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$b</span><span>->bar();  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>B::bar();  </span></li>
<li><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

上例将输出：

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>$this is defined (a)  </span></span></li>
<li><span>$this is not defined.  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>$this is defined (b)  </span></li>
<li><span>$this is not defined. </span></li>
</ol>

Example#2 简单的类定义

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">class</span><span> SimpleClass  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>{  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="comment">// 成员声明 </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var</span><span> = </span><span class="string">'a default value'</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="comment">// 方法声明 </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">function</span><span> displayVar() {  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="func">echo</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$this</span><span>-></span><span class="keyword">var</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>}  </span></li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

Example#3 类成员的默认值

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">class</span><span> SimpleClass  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>{  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="comment">// 无效的类成员定义： </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var1</span><span> = </span><span class="string">'hello '</span><span>.</span><span class="string">'world'</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var2</span><span> = </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>hello world  </span></li>
<li><span>EOD;  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var3</span><span> = 1+2;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var4</span><span> = self::myStaticMethod();  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var5</span><span> = </span><span class="vars">$myVar</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="comment">// 正确的类成员定义： </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var6</span><span> = myConstant;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var7</span><span> = self::classConstant;  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">public</span><span> </span><span class="vars">$var8</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">array</span><span>(true, false);  </span>
</li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

2、new

要创建一个对象的实例，必须创建一个新对象并将其赋给一个变量。当创建新对象时该对象总是被赋值，除非该对象定义了构造函数并且在出错时抛出了一个异常。

Example#4 创建一个实例

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$instance</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> SimpleClass();  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

复制代码当把一个对象已经创建的实例赋给一个新变量时，新变量会访问同一个实例，就和用该对象赋值一样。此行为和给函数传递入实例时一样。可以用克隆给一个已创建的对象建立一个新实例。

Example#5 对象赋值

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$assigned</span><span>   =  </span><span class="vars">$instance</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$reference</span><span>  =& </span><span class="vars">$instance</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$instance</span><span>-></span><span class="keyword">var</span><span> = </span><span class="string">'$assigned will have this value'</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$instance</span><span> = null; </span><span class="comment">// $instance and $reference become null </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>var_dump(</span><span class="vars">$instance</span><span>);  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>var_dump(</span><span class="vars">$reference</span><span>);  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>var_dump(</span><span class="vars">$assigned</span><span>);  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

复制代码上例将输出：

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>NULL  </span></span></li>
<li><span>NULL  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>object(SimpleClass)#1 (1) {  </span></li>
<li>
<span>["var"]=</span><span class="tag">></span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>string(30) "$assigned will have this value"  </span></li>
<li><span>} </span></li>
</ol>

3、extends

一个类可以在声明中用 extends 关键字继承另一个类的方法和成员。不能扩展多个类，只能继承一个基类。

被继承的方法和成员可以通过用同样的名字重新声明被覆盖，除非父类定义方法时使用了 final 关键字。可以通过 parent:: 来访问被覆盖的方法或成员。

Example#6 简单的类继承

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span><?php  </span></span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="keyword">class</span><span> ExtendClass </span><span class="keyword">extends</span><span> SimpleClass  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>{  </span></li>
<li>
<span class="comment">// Redefine the parent method </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="keyword">function</span><span> displayVar()  </span>
</li>
<li><span>{  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="func">echo</span><span> </span><span class="string">"Extending classn"</span><span>;  </span>
</li>
<li><span>parent::displayVar();  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>}  </span></li>
<li><span>}  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span class="vars">$extended</span><span> = </span><span class="keyword">new</span><span> ExtendClass();  </span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="vars">$extended</span><span>->displayVar();  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>?> </span></li>
</ol>

上例将输出：

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>Extending class  </span></span></li>
<li><span>a default value </span></li>
</ol>

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