What are the precautions for Debian deploying Kubernetes

When deploying a Kubernetes (K8s) cluster on a Debian system, multiple key points need to be paid attention to to ensure the stability and security of the cluster. Here are some of the main things to note:

1. Disable Swap partition :

   • Starting with Kubernetes version 1.8, Swap partitioning needs to be disabled. Swap can be temporarily disabled using the following command:

      <code>sudo swapoff -a</code>

   • To permanently disable Swap, edit the /etc/fstab file and comment out the line containing "swap".

2. Set kernel parameters :

   • Enable IPv4 forwarding:

      <code>sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf</code>

   • Set network parameters such as net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables and net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables:

      <code>sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf</code>

   • Disable Forced Access Control (MAC) and Firewall:

      <code>sudo systemctl stop apparmor sudo systemctl disable apparmor sudo systemctl stop firewalld sudo systemctl disable firewalld</code>

     Or configure the corresponding rules to allow the ports required by Kubernetes.

3. Select the right container runtime :

   • Since Kubernetes 1.20, Docker is no longer supported as a container runtime. It is recommended to use containerd or CRI-O. Here are the steps to install containerd:

      <code>sudo apt update sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | sudo apt-key add - echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list sudo apt-get update sudo apt install -y containerd sudo systemctl enable containerd sudo systemctl start containerd</code>

4. Configure kubelet :

   • Make sure the kubelet is configured correctly, for example:

      <code>sudo mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf</code>

5. Select the network plugin :

   • Choose the right network plugin, such as Calico:

      <code>wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml kubectl apply -f calico.yaml</code>

6. Reduce environment variables :

   • Configure enableServiceLinks: false in the Pod's spec to avoid injecting svc-related information into the Pod, resulting in startup failure.

7. Manage Pod Tags :

   • Avoid using tags that change during the life of the Pod to prevent the Pod from being updated when the tag is modified.

8. Consider version compatibility and upgrade strategies :

   • Kubernetes has poor version compatibility, so it is recommended to be cautious when upgrading across versions. It is recommended to deploy in multiple clusters and upgrade the clusters that are not core applications first.

9. Set up monitoring and logging :

   • Configure monitoring and logging systems to discover and resolve problems in a timely manner. Prometheus and Grafana can be used for monitoring, and log management can be used using the ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) stack.

Following these considerations can significantly improve the success rate and stability of deploying Kubernetes clusters on Debian. Be sure to perform each step carefully and adjust and optimize according to actual conditions.

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