How to deploy a Kubernetes cluster on Debian

Deploying a Kubernetes cluster on a Debian system can be achieved in a variety of ways. Here are the detailed steps to set up a Kubernetes cluster on Debian 12 using the kubeadm tool:

Preparation

• Make sure your Debian system has been updated to the latest version.
• Make sure you have sudo users with administrator privileges.
• Ensure that all nodes can be connected to each other through a stable network.

Installation steps

1. Set the host name and update the hosts file : On each node, use the hostnamectl command to set the host name, and add the correspondence between the node IP and the host name in the /etc/hosts file.

2. Disable swap partitioning for all nodes : In order to make kubelet run normally, it is recommended to disable swap. Execute the following command on all nodes to close the swap partition: ``` sudo swapoff -asudo sed -i '/swap/s/1/g' /etc/fstab

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3. Configuring firewall rules for Kubernetes clusters : If your Debian system has operating system firewall enabled, open the following ports on all nodes:

   • Control node: 6443/tcp, 2379/tcp, 2380/tcp, 10250/tcp, 10251/tcp, 10252/tcp, 10255/tcp
   • Working node: 10250/tcp, 30000:32767/tcp

4. Install containerd runtime : containerd is a standard container runtime supported by Kubernetes. Before installing containerd on all nodes, please set the following kernel parameters: ``` sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf Install containerd on all nodes: sudo apt updatesudo apt install -y containerd

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5. Add Kubernetes apt repository : Add Kubernetes' apt repository on all nodes: ``` sudo apt install gnupg gnupg2 curl software-properties-commoncurl -s https://www.php.cn/link/1a5ee1ff6e413deb105e03f4bc5be351 sudo apt-key add - echo "deb https://www.php.cn/link/dae43844e99e2120bb9f2e00b05d7ca3 kubernetes-xenial main" sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.listsudo apt update

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6. Install kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl : Install Kubernetes cluster components on all nodes: ``` sudo apt install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectlsudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl

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7. Initialize the Kubernetes cluster with kubeadm : Execute the following command on the control node to initialize the cluster: ``` sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

   <code><p> After initialization is completed, kubeadm will provide a command to add worker nodes to the cluster. Please remember this command, it will be used later.</p></code>

8. Configure kubectl : Run the following command on the control node to configure kubectl: mkdir -p $HOME/.kubesudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/configsudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

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9. 安装网络插件：以Flannel为例，安装Flannel网络插件： kubectl apply -f https://www.php.cn/link/e21878f9417743f70159ddb95bfb6997

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10. Join the worker nodes : Run the join commands obtained from the initialization of the control node on each worker node and add them to the cluster.

After completing the above steps, you have successfully deployed the Kubernetes cluster using the kubeadm tool on Debian 12. Please note that these steps are applicable to specific versions of Debian and Kubernetes, and specific commands may vary depending on version. It is recommended to consult the official documentation for the latest information.

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