What are the users who create new databases in oracle9i

Oracle 9i users who create new databases include system users (SYS, SYSTEM, DBSNMP) and custom users. System users have the highest permissions, while custom users have different permissions according to application needs. When creating a user, create a role first, and then assign the role to the user. When managing permissions, you can use column-level or row-level permissions to achieve fine-grained control. In addition, it is important to enable auditing and follow the principle of minimum permissions to ensure database security and maintainability.

Oracle 9i New Database User: The Art of Permissions and Security Policy

What users did you ask about Oracle 9i when creating a new database? This question seems simple, but it actually has a secret. It is not only as superficial as listing a few user names, but also related to the security and maintainability of the database. This article will explore the roles, permissions of different users, and security strategies that should be considered at the beginning of design. After reading, you can not only list users, but also understand how to build a safe and efficient Oracle 9i database environment.

Basic Review: Oracle 9i Users and Permissions

Oracle 9i uses role-based access control (RBAC). This means that you don't assign permissions to the user directly, but create the role first and then assign the role to the user. This method is more flexible and easier to manage. The core concept is the relationship between users, roles and permissions. The user is the visitor of the database, and the role is a collection of permissions. Permissions are the operational capabilities of database objects (tables, views, stored procedures, etc.).

Core concept: system users and custom users

After the Oracle 9i database is created, it comes with some system users, such as SYS , SYSTEM and DBSNMP . These users have the highest permissions and use them with caution! SYS users have all permissions for the management and maintenance of the database, and generally do not use it directly for daily operations. SYSTEM user permissions are similar to SYS , but are slightly lower and are usually used for database management. DBSNMP is used for database network management.

In addition to system users, you need to create custom users to meet different application needs. This is the key to the problem. The number of users and permissions you create depends on your application scenario. A simple application may only require one user, while a complex enterprise-level application may require dozens or even more users, each with different permissions to ensure the security and integrity of the data.

The practice of creating users and assigning permissions

Let's use an example to illustrate. Suppose you need to create a user to manage order information:

 <code class="sql">-- 创建用户CREATE USER order_manager IDENTIFIED BY "securePassword"; -- 创建角色，赋予特定权限CREATE ROLE order_admin; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON orders TO order_admin; GRANT SELECT ON order_items TO order_admin; -- 将角色赋予用户GRANT order_admin TO order_manager;</code>

This code first creates a user named order_manager and sets a password (remember, select a strong password!). Then, a role named order_admin is created and it is given read and write permissions to orders table and order_items table. Finally, assign order_admin role to the order_manager user.

Advanced Usage: Fine-grained Permission Control and Audit

Creating users and roles is not enough. To control permissions more granularly, you can use column-level permissions, or even row-level permissions. This gives you precise control over what data each user can access. In addition, auditing functions are crucial. By enabling auditing, you can track the database operation records for easy troubleshooting and audit security.

Common Errors and Debugging Tips

Common errors include the password setting that is too simple, resulting in security risks; the permission allocation is too large, resulting in security vulnerabilities; and the forget to assign necessary permissions to users, resulting in the application not being able to run normally. The debugging technique is to carefully check the permissions allocation, use commands such as SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs and SELECT * FROM dba_role_privs to view the permissions of users and roles, and troubleshoot problems in combination with the audit log.

Performance optimization and best practices

When designing users and permissions, the principle of minimum permissions must be followed, that is, only the minimum permissions required to complete their work. This can effectively reduce security risks. In addition, regularly reviewing user permissions and deleting no longer needed users and roles is also an important measure to improve database security.

In short, Oracle 9i's new database users are not just as simple as a few names. It is a system engineering that requires careful consideration of security and maintainability. Only by understanding the relationship between users, roles, and permissions and following best practices can we build a safe and reliable database environment. Remember, safety is always the first priority.

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