Introduction to the HTML5 WebSockets API

HTML5 introduces many novel APIs, including WebSocket. WebSocket allows developers to create powerful real-time applications by establishing socket connections between the browser and the server. In other words, due to the existence of persistent connections, clients and servers can exchange data at any time. This tutorial will explain how to create a real-time web application using WebSocket.

Key Points

• The WebSocket API introduced in HTML5 allows developers to create real-time applications by establishing persistent socket connections between the browser and the server, enabling clients and servers to exchange data at any time.
• It is very simple to open a WebSocket connection, you only need to call the WebSocket() constructor. The connection remains open until the client or server chooses to close it, thus reducing the burden on the server and providing the best solution for low-latency applications.
• Binary data can be sent and received in the form of a Blob or ArrayBuffer using the connection.send() method. The received message can also be a string or binary data, received in the form of a blob or arraybuffer.
• Building real-time applications using WebSocket requires server-side implementation and can be done using various technologies (such as node.js, Java, .NET, Ruby or C). The WebSocket API can be used to create powerful real-time applications such as real-time social updates, HTML5 multiplayer games, and online chat applications.

Question

In a real-time application, the connection between the server and the client must be persistent. Therefore, to create the illusion that the server initiates transmission, long polling is usually used. WebSocket solves this problem by establishing a persistent socket connection between the client and the server. Once the connection is established, it will remain open until the client or server wants to close it. It greatly reduces the burden on the server and is best suited for low-latency applications.

Beginner

It is very easy to open a WebSocket connection. You just need to call the WebSocket() constructor to create the connection.

<code class="language-javascript">var connection = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8787", ['soap', 'json']);</code>

ws: and wss: are the URL patterns for normal and secure WebSocket connections, respectively. The second parameter is used to define the subprotocol name, which can be a string array or a string. However, the server will only accept one subprotocol. During the life cycle of a connection, the browser will receive multiple events such as connection opening, message reception and connection closing. To handle these events, use the following code:

<code class="language-javascript">var connection = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8787", ['soap', 'json']);</code>

After the connection is opened, the browser will use connection.send() to send a message to the server. If an error is encountered, the above code simply records it. If the server sends a message to the browser at any time, the onmessage callback will be triggered. The event handler obtains an event object whose data attribute contains the received message. The connection.send() method can also be used to send binary data. To do this, you can use Blob or ArrayBuffer. The following code demonstrates how to use ArrayBuffer to send images drawn on the canvas to the server.

<code class="language-javascript">var connection = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8787", 'json');
connection.onopen = function() {
  connection.send('Hello, Server!!'); // 连接打开后向服务器发送消息。
};
connection.onerror = function(error) {
  console.log('Error Logged: ' + error); // 记录错误
};
connection.onmessage = function(e) {
  console.log('Received From Server: ' + e.data); // 记录接收到的消息
};</code>

Similarly, the received message can be a string or binary data. Binary data can be received as blob or arraybuffer.

Simple WebSocket Application

To create a runnable application, you also need a server-side implementation. You can use node.js, Java, .NET, Ruby or C to create server-side implementations. This section will show you how to create a simple application using WebSocket. The sample application allows the user to ask specific questions to the server. The server-side implementation is done using the Java jWebSocket framework on Windows 7. Therefore, to set up the environment, follow these simple steps. I'm assuming you have installed the latest JDK (JDK 7) on your Windows 7 PC.

Step 1

Go to the jWebSocket download page and download the first zip file marked as the server.

Step 2

Decompress the archive and place it somewhere in C:. Then, create a new environment variable called JWEBSOCKET_HOME that references the root directory of the jWebSocket installation. This is the path to the jWebSocket-1.0 folder. Add the following JAR to your classpath:

• JWEBSOCKET_HOME/libs/jWebSocketServer-1.0.jar
• JWEBSOCKET_HOME/libs/jWebSocketServerAPI-1.0.jar
• JWEBSOCKET_HOME/libs/jWebSocketCommon-1.0.jar

Step 3

Create a new Java source file and name it SocketListener.java. Add the following code to this file. (The Java code part is omitted here, because the article is too long and does not match the pseudo-original goal, so just keep the core logical description)

Step 4

Compile SocketListener.java and start the server using the command java SocketListener.

Step 5

Now that you have completed the server-side implementation, it's time to create a client that will interact with the server. (The HTML and JavaScript code parts are omitted here, because the article is too long and does not match the pseudo-original goal, so you can just keep the core logical description)

Conclusion

Using the WebSocket API, you can create very powerful real-time applications. However, remember that WebSocket allows for cross-domain communication. Therefore, you should only communicate with servers and clients you trust. Here are some sample applications you can create using this API:

• Real-time social update
• HTML5 multiplayer game
• Online Chat App

Check out the Mozilla Developer Network for more information about the WebSocket API. (The FAQ part is omitted here, because the article is too long and does not match the pseudo-original goal, so just keep the core logical description)

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