An Introduction to the :has() Selector in CSS

This article explores the CSS :has() selector, a powerful tool for selecting elements based on their content. While relatively new, its support is growing across major browsers (Safari 15.4 , Chromium 105 , and behind a flag in Firefox).

The :has() pseudo-class styles the target element—the element to which it's attached—if specific conditions within its parentheses are met. This is similar to other pseudo-classes like :hover or :active. Unlike those, however, :has() accepts a list of relative selectors, enabling complex selection criteria.

For instance, article:has(img) styles any <article></article> element containing an <img src="/static/imghwm/default1.png" data-src="https://img.php.cn/upload/article/000/000/000/173907547642572.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,p_40" class="lazy" alt="An Introduction to the :has() Selector in CSS ">

To target only direct children, use the child combinator: article:has(> img)<img src="/static/imghwm/default1.png" data-src="https://img.php.cn/upload/article/000/000/000/173907547642572.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,p_40" class="lazy" alt="An Introduction to the :has() Selector in CSS ">:has() :has(#id, p, .class)To target only direct children, use the child combinator:

article:has(> img). The specificity of

is determined by the most specific selector within its parentheses (e.g., :has() inherits the specificity of an ID selector).h1:has( h2) <h1></h1>Sibling selectors can also be used with <h2></h2>. ~ styles an ul:has(~ p) element only if it's directly followed by an <ul></ul> element. The general sibling combinator (<p></p>) allows for broader sibling selection. For example,

styles a

if it has a

sibling anywhere after it.

:has()article:has(> img:first-child):has(h1 h2)<article></article> <img src="/static/imghwm/default1.png" data-src="https://img.php.cn/upload/article/000/000/000/173907548383844.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,p_40" class="lazy" alt="An Introduction to the :has() Selector in CSS "> selectors can be chained to create AND conditions. For example,

styles an

only if it has an

A CodePen demo showcasing these examples is available. This article is an excerpt from Unleashing the Power of CSS: Advanced Techniques for Responsive User Interfaces, available on SitePoint Premium.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about CSS :has Selector (This section remains largely unchanged, as it accurately reflects the historical and current browser support for the selector.)

What is the CSS :has Selector and How Does it Work?

The CSS :has() selector is a powerful tool allowing you to select an element based on its children. It's a relational pseudo-class, meaning the selection depends on the relationship between elements.

Can I Use the CSS :has Selector in All Browsers?

Browser support for :has() is improving but isn't yet universal. Check sites like Can I Use for the most up-to-date information.

How Can I Use the :has Selector with jQuery?

While native browser support is growing, you can use :has() with jQuery for broader compatibility. The syntax is very similar to the CSS version.

What is the Difference Between the :has Selector and Other CSS Selectors?

:has() is unique in its relational nature; it selects based on the presence of child elements, unlike selectors that focus solely on attributes or position.

Are There Any Alternatives to the :has Selector?

Alternatives include JavaScript or more complex combinations of existing CSS selectors, but these often lack the elegance and conciseness of :has().

Why is the :has Selector Not Supported in All Browsers?

Initially, performance concerns regarding rendering speed hindered widespread adoption. However, browser support is improving as these concerns are addressed.

Can I Use the :has Selector in a CSS File?

Yes, but only in browsers that support it.

What is the Syntax for the :has Selector?

The basic syntax is :has(selector).

Can I Use the :has Selector with Other Selectors?

Yes, :has() can be combined with other selectors for more complex selections.

What is the Future of the :has Selector?

The future looks bright; :has() is becoming increasingly prevalent as browser support improves.

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