This lesson delves into enhancing HTML visuals using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). We'll begin with CSS selectors – the tools for targeting specific HTML elements.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
CSS dictates the look of HTML components: color, spacing, size, and more. While you can style individual elements using inline style
attributes (e.g., <p style="color:red;"></p>
), this is inefficient for large websites.
A more effective approach involves using a <style></style>
element within the section of your HTML or a separate CSS file (like
style.css
) linked to your HTML using <link>
:
<style> p { color: red; text-decoration: underline; } </style>
or
<!-- index.html --> <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
/* style.css */ p { color: red; text-decoration: underline; }
This applies the same style to all <p></p>
elements. Browser developer tools (e.g., right-click, "Inspect" in Chrome) let you examine and modify applied styles for troubleshooting.


Selecting HTML Elements
The p
in p { color: red; }
selects all <p></p>
elements. For more complex structures, id
and class
attributes provide finer control.
Class and ID Selectors
Each element can have a unique id
. ID selectors (#idName
) target elements by their id
. However, id
s must be unique, limiting their flexibility.
Classes offer greater versatility. Multiple elements can share the same class. Class selectors (.className
) target elements with that class. Elements can have multiple classes (e.g., <p class="red-text bold"></p>
).
.red-text { color: red; }
styles all elements with the red-text
class. p.red-text
specifically styles only <p></p>
elements with red-text
.
Combinator Selectors
The Document Object Model (DOM) represents the page's structure as a tree. Combinator selectors leverage this hierarchy.
-
div p
: Selects all<p></p>
elements within<div> elements (descendants). <li> <code>div > p
: Selects only the direct children<p></p>
elements of<div> elements. <li> <code>p span
: Selects the<span></span>
immediately following a<p></p>
. -
p ~ span
: Selects all<span></span>
siblings following a<p></p>
. -
*
: The universal selector, selecting all elements. - Group selectors (e.g.,
h1, h2, p
): Select multiple element types. - Attribute selectors (e.g.,
p[lang]
,p[lang="en"]
): Select elements based on attributes. - Responsive Design
- Responsive Images
- CSS Animations





Overly complex combinator combinations are discouraged. You can combine them with class selectors (e.g., .intro p
).
Pseudo-selectors
Pseudo-class selectors style elements based on their state (e.g., a:hover
, a:active
, a:visited
). Pseudo-element selectors target parts of an element (e.g., ::first-letter
).
Other Selectors
Further Reading:
This post originally appeared on TheDevSpace.
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