PostgreSQL IN
and ANY
Operators: A Detailed Comparison
PostgreSQL offers both IN
and ANY
operators for comparing a column value against a set of values. While functionally similar, key differences exist impacting query performance and flexibility.
Functional Equivalence
Fundamentally, IN
is equivalent to = ANY
. Both check if a column value matches any value within a defined set. For instance:
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3); SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = ANY ('{1, 2, 3}');
These queries yield identical results.
Syntax Variations
Both operators have distinct syntaxes:
-
IN (set)
: Uses parentheses to enclose a comma-separated list of values.SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3);
-
ANY (set)
: Employs curly braces to encapsulate a set of values (typically an array).SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = ANY ('{1, 2, 3}');
Data Type Handling: Arrays vs. Lists
A crucial distinction lies in how they handle input:
-
IN
accepts a comma-separated list, potentially mixing data types. -
ANY
expects an array, requiring a predefined data type.
This difference can affect performance and data type constraints.
ANY
's Enhanced Versatility
ANY
surpasses IN
in versatility. It pairs with various operators beyond =
, for example:
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name LIKE ANY ('{John, Mary, Joe}');
Performance Aspects
For extensive value sets, ANY
with arrays generally exhibits better scalability compared to IN
with comma-separated lists.
Negation and Exclusion
To exclude rows where a column value is within a set:
-
IN
: UseNOT IN (1, 2, 3)
-
ANY
: Employid ALL ('{1, 2, 3}')
Handling NULL
values in exclusions demands careful consideration, often requiring explicit IS NOT TRUE
checks:
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE (id = ANY ('{1, 2, 3}')) IS NOT TRUE;
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