Should I Use `ANY` Instead of `IN` in My SQL Queries for Better Performance?

Improving SQL query performance: Comparison and application of ANY and IN

In SQL queries, using the ANY operator instead of IN can sometimes optimize performance. This article explains how to perform the conversion and how to deal with possible errors.

Original query (using IN):

MyModel.where(id: ids)

Equivalent query (using ANY):

MyModel.where("id = ANY(VALUES(#{ids.join '),('}))")

Empty array error handling:

If ids is an empty array, using the ANY operator will cause a syntax error. Therefore, before using ANY, be sure to ensure that the array is not empty.

The difference between

IN and ANY:

The

IN operator comes in two forms: subquery and list of values. The ANY operators are similar: subqueries and array expressions.

But note that there is a slight difference in the second form of these two operators: IN expects a list of values, while ANY expects an array. When using the second form, the list of values ​​must be converted into an array.

Choice between

IN and ANY:

IN and ANY can both be used to compare values, but ANY is more flexible and can handle more types of operators. However, IN is still valid, and the internals can be rewritten as special cases of = using the ANY operator.

Performance-wise, there is no significant difference between IN and ANY. Which one you choose depends on which is easier to provide: a list of values ​​or an array. If the IDs to be processed are already conveniently provided as an array, using ANY may be more appropriate.

Passing arrays in Ruby:

In Ruby, use the ANY operator to pass an array to a PostgreSQL query. You can use the following syntax:

MyModel.where('id = ANY(ARRAY[?]::int[])', ids.map { |i| i})

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