What Breaking Changes Are Introduced in C 11?
One of the significant changes introduced in C 11 is the explicit operator bool() in the standard library, replacing instances of operator void*(). While this change should address invalid code, there are other potential breaking changes to consider.
Core Language Incompatibilities
- Modified String Literals Interpretation: Predefined macros like "u8" may modify string literals.
- User-Defined String Literals: "_x" in string literals now creates user-defined string literals, instead of expanding macros.
- New Keywords: Introduced keywords like "constexpr" and "thread_local" can break existing identifier names.
- Integer Literal Modifications: Integer literals exceeding the range of "long" may now become "long long."
- Integer Division Modifications: C 03 integer division rounding behavior may differ from C 11's rounding toward 0.
- "auto" as Storage Specifier: C 03 code using "auto" as a storage specifier may become invalid.
- Narrowing Conversions: C 03 narrowing conversions (e.g., double to int) may now be invalid.
- Implicit Special Member Function Deletions: Ill-formed implicitly-defined member functions are automatically deleted.
- Destructor Exception Specifications: User-declared destructors now have implicit noexcept(true) specifications.
- "export" Declaration Elimination: C 03 declarations using "export" are now invalid.
- Template Closing Modification: ">>" in templates may now close two templates instead of being considered only as a shift operator.
- Dependent Calls of Internal Linkage Functions: Dependent calls of internal linkage functions are now allowed.
Library Modifications
- Namespaced Identifiers: Identifiers added to the standard library may break existing code.
-
Header Includes: Headers previously located in certain standard headers (e.g.,
, ) may have moved elsewhere. - "posix" Namespace: The "posix" namespace is now reserved for future standardization.
- Macro Definitions: Defining "override," "final," "carries_dependency," or "noreturn" as macros may now be invalid.
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