How can I capture shell command output as a string in Python?

Capturing Command Output in Python

Problem: Execute shell commands and capture their output as a string, regardless of success or failure.

Solution:

In modern versions of Python (3.5 or higher), use the subprocess.run function with the stdout=subprocess.PIPE flag:

import subprocess

result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
output = result.stdout.decode('utf-8')

In older versions of Python (3-3.4), use the subprocess.check_output function:

import subprocess

output = subprocess.check_output(['ls', '-l'])

For more complex scenarios involving input to the command or error handling, use the subprocess.Popen class with the communicate method:

import subprocess

p = subprocess.Popen(['ls', '-a'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
output, error = p.communicate()

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