


How to Create a Table with a Fixed Header and Fixed Column Using Only CSS
Problem
In an effort to display data in an organized manner, you're aiming to create an HTML table that features both a fixed header and a fixed first column. Yet, your exploration has uncovered a range of solutions that depend on JavaScript or jQuery, introducing potential drawbacks on mobile browsers due to less-than-ideal scrolling behavior. Hence, your pursuit now centers on finding a pure CSS solution.
Solution
Fortunately, the position: sticky property, supported in modern versions of Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, offers a way to achieve the desired behavior. You can combine it with overflow: scroll property to create a dynamic table with fixed header and column elements.
Steps
- Container: Begin by placing your table inside a parent div and applying overflow: scroll to the div, thereby enabling scrolling.
- Header and Column Stickiness: Leverage the position: sticky property along with top, right, or left values to specify which edges the table elements should adhere to.
- First Column Header Stickiness: Utilize the property thead th:first-child to ensure that the first column's header remains fixed to the left edge.
Example
HTML Markup:
<div class="container"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> <th>headheadhead</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> <tr> <th>head</th> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> <td>body</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>
CSS:
div { max-width: 400px; max-height: 150px; overflow: scroll; } thead th { position: -webkit-sticky; /* for Safari */ position: sticky; top: 0; } tbody th { position: -webkit-sticky; /* for Safari */ position: sticky; left: 0; } thead th:first-child { left: 0; z-index: 2; } thead th { background: #000; color: #FFF; z-index: 1; } tbody th { background: #FFF; border-right: 1px solid #CCC; box-shadow: 1px 0 0 0 #ccc; } table { border-collapse: collapse; } td, th { padding: 0.5em; }
This implementation allows you to scroll both vertically and horizontally while keeping the header and first column in place, providing an improved user experience for viewing tabular data.
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